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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what zones of the respiratory system participate in gas exchange?
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bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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pneumocyte type 1: histo and function?
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squamous thin
line the alveoli, gas exchange |
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pneumocyte type 2: histo and function?
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clustered cuboidal
secretes surfactant to decrease alveolar surface tension, proliferates during lung damage (ie: asthma/bronchitis)... thus we see extra mucus production |
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Clara cells:histo and function?
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non ciliated, columnar, secretory granules
produce surfactant, degrades toxins (act as reserve cells) |
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what is the relationship of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus of each lung?
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RALS: Right anterior, Left superior
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if you inhale a peanut, which lung will it most likely go down?
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The right because the bronchus is wider and more vertical
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What 3 prominent structures go through the diaphragm and at what level of the vertebrae?
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T8: IVC
T10: esophagus T12: aortic hiatus "I ate ten eggs at twelve" |
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What keeps the diaphragm alive?
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C3,4,5
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what are the respiratory muscles during quiet breathing: give me exhalation and inhalation?
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exhalation: passive
inhalation: diaphragm |
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what are the inSpiratory muscles used during exercise?
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external intercostals, Scalene muscles, Sternomastoid
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what muscles are used for exhalation during exercise?
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internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis
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what is deficient in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
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surfactant: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
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what is the function of surfactant?
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increase compliance
decrease alveolar surface tension decrease work of inspiration |
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what are the important products of the lung?
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surfactant, prostaglandins, histamine, ACE, kallikrein
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what does histamine in the lungs do?
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increases bronchoconstriction
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what does kallikrein do?
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it activates bradykinin which causes coughing
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what is residual volume (RV)?
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air in the lungs after maximal expiration
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what is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
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air that can be breathed out after normal expiration
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what is the tidal volume (TV)?
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air that moves into lung during quiet respiration (usually 500mL)
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what is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
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air in excess of the tidal volume that moves into the lungs upon maximal inspiration
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what is the vital capacity (VC)?
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VC = TV + IRV + ERV
basically it is everything but the residual volume |
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what is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?
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IC = IRV + TV
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what is the total lung capacity (TLC)?
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TLC = IRV+TV+ERV+RV
basically all volumes of the lungs when a person takes in their deepest breathe also note that when the question asks for capacity, you are adding two or more volumes. |
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What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. At FRC, the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are equal but opposite and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles.
it is the elastic properties of both the chest wall and the lungs that determine FRC. The lungs have an inward pull, while the chest wall has an outward pull |
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what are the 4 polypeptide units in adult hemoglobin (HbA) and what are the 4 polypeptide units in fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?
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adult: 2alpha, 2beta
fetal: 2alpha,2gamma |
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what are the two forms that hemoglobin (Hb) can be in?
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T (taught): has low affinity for oxygen
R (relaxed): has 300x more affinity for oxygen that T form. when you are 'R'elaxed, you do your job better of carrying oxygen |
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what are the factors that favor the taut form over the relaxed form of hemoglobin?
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Cl-,H+,CO2,
2,3-BPG temperature |
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what happens when the taut form is favored over the relaxed form of hemoglobin?
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there is more oxygen unloading, shifts the dissociation curve to the right
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what is methemoglobin?
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It is when the reduced form (ferrous, Fe2+) is oxidized to become (ferric, Fe3+); this oxidized form does not bind to oxygen as readily.
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why would you want a person who just ingested cyanide to have methemoglobin? and how would you do this?
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Cyanide poisoning stops cytochrome oxidase (electron transport chain component) function, thus you would give pt. nitrites to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin (oxidized ferric form) so that the methemoglobin can pick up the cyanide instead of the cytochrome oxidase, then give the pt. thiosulfate, to form thiocyanate which can be excreted renally
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