Board Review-Reproductive-Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

What is up with gonadal venous drainage?

Back 1

Left Ovary/Testis--->Left Gonadal Vein--->Left Renal Vein--->IVC

Right Ovary/Testis--->Right Gonadal Vein--->IVC

Front 2

Lymphatic Gondadal Drainage routes?

Back 2

Ovaries/Testes-->Para-aortic LN's

Front 3

Who are the Reproductive Ligaments in Women?

Back 3

Suspensory Ligament of Ovaries
Transverse Cervical Ligament (cardinal)
Round Ligament of Uterus
Broad Ligament
Ligament of the Ovary

Front 4

What does the Suspensory Ligament of the ovaries connect? contain?

Back 4

Ovaries--->Lateral Pelvic Wall

contains ovarian vessels

Front 5

What does the Transverse Cervical (cardinal) Ligament connect? Contain?

Back 5

Cervix---> side wall of pelvis
Contains Uterine Vessels

Front 6

What does the Round Ligament of the uterus connect? contain?

Back 6

Uterus to Labia Majora

contains nothing

Front 7

Origin of Round Ligament?

Back 7

Derivative of gubernaculum

travels through inguinal canal

Front 8

What does the Broad Ligament connect? contain?

Back 8

Uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to pelvic side wall

Ovaries, Tubes, Round Ligaments of uterus

Front 9

What does the Ligament of the Ovary connect? contain?

Back 9

Connects ovaries to Uterus

contains nothing

Front 10

Pathway of Sperm during Ejaculation?

Back 10

SEVEN UP

Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Ducts
Nothing
Urethra
Penis

Front 11

What is up with the Innervation of the Male Sexual response?

Back 11

ERECTION
PSNS via pelvic nerve

EMISSION
SNS via hypogastric nerve

EJACULATION
visceral and somatic nerves via pudendal nerve

Front 12

What are some proerectile and antierectile compounds?

Back 12

NO, Sildenafil, Vardenafil--->Smooth muscle relaxation-->vasodilation---> ERECTION

NE--->smooth muscle contraction-->vasoconstriction-->limp noodle

Front 13

Derivation of Sperm parts?

Back 13

Acrosome is from the Golgi apparatus
Flagellum is from one of the Centrioles

Front 14

What is unique about the middle piece/body of the sperm?

Back 14

Lots of mitochondria

Front 15

What does sperm feed on?

Back 15

Fructose

Front 16

Who are the cells of the Seminiferous Tubules?

Back 16

Spermatogonia (germ cells)
Sertoli Cells (non-germ cells)
Leydig Cells (endocrine cells)

Front 17

Fxn of Speramtogonia?

Back 17

Maintain germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes

Front 18

Location of Spermatogonia?

Back 18

Line Seminiferous Tubules

Front 19

Fx of Sertoli Cells?

Back 19

Secrete Inhibin--->inhibit FSH
Secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)---> maintain levels of testosterone
Form Blood-Testis barrie--->isolate gametes from autoimmune attack
Support and Nourishment
Regulate Spermatogenesis

Front 20

Location of Sertoli Cells?

Back 20

Line Seminiferous Tubules

Front 21

Fxn of Leydig Cells?

Back 21

Secrete Testosterone

Front 22

Location of Leydig Cells?

Back 22

Insterstitium

Front 23

How long does Spermatogenesis take?

Back 23

2 months

Front 24

Progression of stages in Spermatogenesis?

Back 24

Spermatogonium (2N)
Primary Spermatocyte (4N)
Secondary Spermatocyte (2N)
Spermatid (N)
Spermatozoan (N)aaaaaaaaaa

Front 25

Regulation of Spermatogenesis?

Back 25

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH--->LH and FSH

FSH tells Sertoli Cells to make sperm
LH tells Leydig Cells to make testosterone which also stimulates sperm production

Front 26

Where do the main androgens come from?

Back 26

Testosterone and DHT from testis
Androstenedione from adrenals

Front 27

Potency of Androgens?

Back 27

DHT > Testosterone > Andro

Front 28

Fxns of Testosterone?

Back 28

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
Inc Muscle
Inc Growth Spurt
Inc penile growth
Inc Libido
Spermatogenesis
Closing of growth plates (via estrogen from testosterone)
Inc RBC's
Deepening of voice

Front 29

Fxn's of DHT?

Back 29

Differentiation of Penis, Scrotum, and Prostate
Balding
Inc Sebaceous Gland Activity
Inc Prostate Growth

Front 30

Sources of Estrogens?

Back 30

Ovary: 17beta-estradiol
Placenta: estriol
Blood: aromatization

Front 31

Fxns of Estrogens?

Back 31

Growth of Follicle
Endometrial Prolif
Dev of genitalia
Stromal dev of breast
Female Fat deposition
Hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
Feedback inhibition of LH and FSH
LH surge
Inc Myometrial excitability
Inc HDL, Dec LDL

Front 32

Potency of the estrogens?

Back 32

Estradiol > estrone > estriol

Front 33

Changes in Estrogen levels during pregnancy?

Back 33

50 fold inc in estradiol and estrone

1000 fold increase in estriol

Front 34

How are estrogen levels regulated?

Back 34

GnRH--->LH and FSH
LH activates Desmolase--->steroid synthesis
FSH activates aromatase---> conversion of andro to estrogen

Front 35

Sources of Progesterone?

Back 35

Corpus Luteum
Placenta
Adrenal Cortex
Testes

Front 36

Fxn's of Progesterone?

Back 36

Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery dev
Maintenance of pregnancy
Dec myometrial excitability
Production of thick cervical mucus to block sperm
Inc body temp
Inhibit LH and FSH
Uterine smooth muscle relaxation (prevents contractions)

Front 37

Length of phases of menstrual cycle?

Back 37

Luteal Phase is 14 days
Follicular Phase varies

Front 38

Regulation of Ovulation via?

Back 38

Estrogen surge 1 day before ovulation---> LH surge---> rupture of follicle

Front 39

What is Mittleschmerz?

Back 39

Blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis (painful period)

Front 40

Timetable of Oogenesis?

Back 40

Primary Oocytes start meiosis I during fetal life but pause at Prophase I until ovulation.
At ovulation they progress to Metaphase II
Progression from there does not occur unless oocyte is fertilized

Front 41

Where does fertilization normally occur? when?

Back 41

Upper end of fallopian tube
Within 1 day of ovulation

Front 42

When does implantation happen?

Back 42

6 days after fertilization

Front 43

When is beta-hCG detectable? where does it come from?

Back 43

1 week after conception in blood
2 weeks after in urine

hCG comes from trophoblasts

Front 44

How does suckling maintain milk production?

Back 44

Inc nerve stimulation---> Inc oxytocin and PRL

Front 45

More specifically, where does hCG come from?

Back 45

Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

Front 46

Fxns of hCG?

Back 46

Maintains corpus luteum (thus progesterone) for 1st trimester by acting like LH. In 2nd and 3rd trimester, placenta makes its own progesterone
Pregnancy screening
Elevated hCG indicates pathological states

Front 47

Examples of conditions w/ elevated hCG?

Back 47

hydatidiform mole
choriocarcinoma
gestational trophoblastic tumors

Front 48

Hormonal Changes at menopause?

Back 48

Dec Estrogen
INC FSH
Inc LH
Inc GnRH

Front 49

Sx's of Menopause?

Back 49

Hot Flashes
Atrophy of Vagina
Osteoporosis
Coronary Artery Disease