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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is In Situ Carcinoma?
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Neoplastic cells haven't invaded BM
Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness |
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What do the tumor cells use to invade the BM?
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Collagenases
Hydrolases |
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What do tumor cells have to survive to metastasize?
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Immune attack in the blood
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Define Hyperplasia?
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Inc # of cells
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Define Metaplasia?
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1 adult cell type is replaced by another.
Often secondary to irritation or environmental exposure |
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Define Dysplasia?
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Abnormal growth w/ loss of orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation
Commonly pre-neoplastic |
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Define Anaplasia?
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Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue
Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin |
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Define Neoplasia?
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Clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive
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Define Desmoplasia?
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fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
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Which "plasias" are reversible vs irreversible?
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Reversible: hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
Irreversible: anaplasia, neoplasia, desmoplasia |
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What is Tumor Grade based on?
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Degree of cellular differentiation based on histo appearance of tumor
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What is Tumor Stage based on?
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Size of Tumor (T)
Node Involvement (N) Metastasis (M) |
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Tumor Nomenclature
Epithelial? |
BENIGN
adenoma papilloma MALIGNANT adenocarcinoma papillary carcinoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
Mesenchymal Origins? |
Blood Cells
Blood Vessels Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Bone Fat > 1 cell type |
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Tumor Nomenclature
Blood cell origin? |
MALIGNANT
Leukemia Lymphoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
blood vessel origin? |
BENIGN
hemangioma MALIGNANT angiosarcoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
smooth muscle origin? |
BENIGN
leiomyoma MALIGNANT leiomyosarcoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
skeletal muscle origin? |
BENIGN
rhabdomyoma MALIGNANT rhabdomyosarcoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
bone origin? |
BENIGN
Osteoma MALIGNANT osteosarcoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
fat origin? |
BENIGN
lipoma MALIGNANT liposarcoma |
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Tumor Nomenclature
> 1 cell type origin? |
BENIGN
mature teratoma (women) MALIGNANT immature teratoma mature teratoma (men) |
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carcinoma vs sarcoma?
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both malignant
carcinoma = epithelial origin sarcoma = mesenchymal origin |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Down's? |
*ALL*
AML |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Albinism |
Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma **Squamous Cell Carcinoma of skin |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Gastric Adenocarcinoma? |
Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
Pernicious Anemia Postsurgical Gastric Remnants |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Tuberous Sclerosis |
Astrocytoma
Angiomyolipoma Cardiac Rhabdomyoma |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
actinic keratosis? |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of skin
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Barrett's esophagus |
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Plummer Vinson Syndrome? |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of esophagus
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Cirrhosis? |
hepatocellular carcinoma
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Ulcerative Colitis? |
colonic adenocarcinoma
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
paget's disease of bone? |
secondary osteosarcoma
fibrosarcoma |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
immunodeficiency states? |
malignant lymphomas
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
AIDS? |
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-hodgkin's)
Kaposi's Sarcoma |
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
autoimmune diseases (hashimoto's, myasthenia gravis) |
Benign and Malignant lymphomas
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Acanthosis Nigricans? |
Visceral Malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
Dysplastic nevus? |
malignant melanoma
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ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
radiation exposure? |
sarcoma
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Difference between Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes?
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Oncogenes get a gain-of-fxn mutation --> cancer. Only need one mutant allele
Tumor Suppressors get a loss-of-fxn mutation---> cancer. It takes 2 mutant alleles to get disease |
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER
abl |
CML
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
c-myc l-myc n-myc |
c-myc = burkitt's lymphoma
l-myc = lung tumor n-myc = neuroblastoma |
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
bcl-2 |
Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
erb-B2 |
breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
ras? |
colon carcinoma
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
ret |
MEN type II and III
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ONCOGENES AND THEIR CANCER:
c-kit |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
Rb? |
13
Retinoblastoma Osteosarcoma |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
BRCA-1 BRCA-2 |
BRCA-1 = 17
breast and ovarian cancer BRCA-2 = 13 breast cancer |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
p53 p16 |
p53 = 17
lots p16 = 9 melanoma |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
APC? |
5
Colorectal cancer (not associated w/ FAP) |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
WT1 |
11
Wilm's Tumor |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
NF1 NF2 |
NF1 = 17
neurofibromatosis type 1 NF2 = 22 neurofibromatosis type 2 |
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, THEIR CHROMOSOME, AND THEIR CANCER:
DPC DCC |
DPC = 18
pancreatic cancer DCC = 18 colon cancer |
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TUMOR MARKERS
PSA |
screens for prostate cancer, but not specific...also high in BPH and prostatitis
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TUMOR MARKERS
Prostatic acid phosphatase? |
prostate carcinoma
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TUMOR MARKERS
CEA? |
Carcinoembryonic Ag
very non-specific, but produced by ~70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers (also gastric and breast) |
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TUMOR MARKERS
alpha-fetoprotein? |
normally made by fetus
Hepatocellular carcinomas Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testes (e.g. yolk sac tumor) |
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TUMOR MARKERS
beta-hCG |
Hydatidifrom moles
Choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic tumors |
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TUMOR MARKERS
CA-125? |
Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
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TUMOR MARKERS
S-100? |
Melonoma
Neural tumors Astrocytomas |
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TUMOR MARKERS
Alkaline Phosphatase? |
Metastases to bone
Obstructive biliary disease Paget's of bone |
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TUMOR MARKERS
TRAP |
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Hairy cell leukemia (a B-cell neoplasm) |
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TUMOR MARKERS
CA-19-9 |
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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Who are the Oncogenic Viruses?
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HTLV-1
HBV, HCV EBV HPV HHV-8 |
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Cancer associated w/ HTLV-1?
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Adult T-cell Leukemia
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Cancer associated w/ HBV and HCV?
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Cancer associated w/ EBV?
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Burkitt's Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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Cancer associated w/ HPV?
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Cervical Carcinoma (16,18)
Penile/anal carcinoma |
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Cancer associated w/ HHV-8?
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
Body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma |
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What kind of cancer does Aflatoxins cause?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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where do aflatoxins come from?
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Aspergillus
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What kind of cancer does Vinyl Chloride cause?
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Liver Angiosarcoma
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What kind of cancer does Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) cause?
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Liver
(centrilobular necrosis, fatty change) |
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What kind of cancer does Nitrosamines (smoked food)?
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Esophagus
Stomach |
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What kind of cancer does Cigarette Smoke?
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Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma)
Lung (squamous and small cell carcinomas) Kidney (RCC) Bladder (TCC) |
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What kind of cancer does Asbestos cause?
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Mesothelioma
Bronchogenic carcinoma |
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What kind of cancer does Arsenic?
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Skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
Liver (angiosarcoma) |
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What kind of cancer does Naphthalene (aniline) dyes?
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Bladder (TCC)
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What kind of cancer does Alkylating agents?
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Blood (leukemia)
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma? |
ACTH or ACTH-like peptide--->Cushings
ADH ---> SIADH |
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
Intracranial neoplasms? |
ADH--->SIADH
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
which tumors can cause Hypercalcemia? how? |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lung
RCC Breast carcinoma PTH-related peptide (TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1) |
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
who can cause polycythemia? how? |
RCC
Hemangioblastoma via EPO |
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
who can cause Lambert-Eaton Syndrome? what is it? how does it get caused? |
Thymoma
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ--->muscle weakness |
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PARANEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF TUMORS
Leukemias and Lymphomas? |
Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (cytotoxic therapy)
cause Gout and Urate Nephropathy |
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What are Psammoma bodies?
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Laminated
Concentric Calcific Spherules |
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When do we see Psammoma bodies?
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Papillary Adenocarcinoma of Thyroid
Serous Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
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Primary Tumors that metastasize to the brain?
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Lung
Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI |
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What % of brain tumors are from metastasis?
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50%
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After regional LN's what are the next two most common sites of metastasis?
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Liver
Lung |
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Who are the most common primary tumors that metastasize to the liver?
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(in rank order)
Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung metastasis more common than primary liver tumors |
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Primary tumors that metastasize to bone?
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Prostate
Thyroid Testes Breast Lung Kidney far more common than primary tumors |
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Most common primary tumors that metastasize to bone?
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Breast
Prostate |
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What types of bone metastases are seen? who causes which ones?
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Lung makes Lytic
Prostate makes Blastic Breast makes Both |
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Top 3 cancers for men and women based on incidence
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MEN
Prostate 32% Lung 16% Colorectal 12% WOMEN Breast 32% Lung 13% Colorectal 13% |
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Top 2 causes of cancer deaths for men and women?
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MEN
lung 33% prostate 13% WOMEN Lung 23% Breast 18% |
