Board Review Immunology

Front 1

What is TLR4's signaling pathway?

Back 1

Front 2

Which is major IFN producing DC?

Back 2

Plasmacytoid DC?

Front 3

Which TLR amplify signals independently of MyD88 post PAMP recognition

Back 3

TLR3 & 4- utilizes TBK in doing so and preferentially activates IRF 3.

Front 4

TLR 2

Back 4

Two TB & other mycobacteria

Front 5

TLR4

Back 5

CD14 (for LPS)

Front 6

TLR5

Back 6

Five, Flagellin, Flagellated Bacteria

Front 7

TLR9

Back 7

Nine, non methylated cPG

Front 8

TLR3

Back 8

3 is free of MyD88

Front 9

Which are the intracellular TLR

Back 9

3, 7, 8 and 9 and detects NA

Front 10

What is MyD88 ?

Back 10

An adapter protein that plays a role in TLR signalling for all TLR except TLR 3.

Front 11

Nickel Allergy

Back 11

Tracked to a single TLR

Front 12

Deficiency of NEMO or IkBa results in mycobacterial susceptibility

Back 12

Defective fn of TLR 1 & 2

Front 13

KIR can either induce or inhibit NK fn. What is key characteristic of activating KIR

Back 13

All activating KIR have short cytoplasmic tails.

Front 14

TLR3 is for

Back 14

DS RNA

Front 15

TLR 7 & 8

Back 15

Recognizes pharmacologics (imidiazoquinolones useful in antiviral response as well as certain ssRNA)

Front 16

Presence of long cytoplasmic tail in a KIR receptor

Back 16

implies presence of an ITIM motif which can facilitate inhibitory signaling.

Front 17

In order to generate Ag receptor, developing B cells must undergo complex DNA gene rearrangements beginning with precise cutting of DNA strands and ends with imprecise joining of ends of non-homologous sequence

Back 17

Activation induced cytidine deaminase- involved with isotype switching, otherwise RAG, surrogate light chain, and TdT are required

Front 18

For Hyper IgM syndrome, whcih defects are AR and results in impaired somatic mutation and isotype switching

Back 18

AID and UNG

Front 19

In the variable domain region, three intervals of highly divergent sequences are termed..

Back 19

CDR (separated from each other by 4 intervals of conserved framework

Front 20

In both heavy and light chain the ____ is the direct product of VDJ joining an dlies at the center of Ag binding site

Back 20

CDR3

Front 21

Major source of diversity in this region is enzyme catalyzing random introduction of NT between rearranged gene semgnets

Back 21

TdT

Front 22

Cytokine that inducs B cellt o switch to IgE

Back 22

IL4

Front 23

Which Ab classes activates compliment best?

Back 23

IgM

Front 24

Which cannot be performed by IgA

Back 24

binding Fc receptor on mast cells

Front 25

What fns can IgA do?

Back 25

Block pathogen adhesion, facilitate ADCC, mucosal transport, and neutralize toxins.

Front 26

Which Ig has the greatest serum concentration/

Back 26

IgG, also has longest half life and subsets

Front 27

Largest Ig

Back 27

Big MoMMa --IgM

Front 28

IgA

Back 28

invovled w/ adhesion protection, aggregates 2 units together involed in alternative complement activation

Front 29

What are the Fc receptors for IgG

Back 29

CD16, CD 32, and CD64

Front 30

How do they correlate with affinity?

Back 30

CD16, 32, and 64 a/w FcR III, FcR II, and FcR I (lowest to highest affinity)

Front 31

What process allows same set of Ab genes to procue a soluble protein and membrane bound receptor

Back 31

Alternative splicing

Front 32

Which receptor downregulates IgG

Back 32

CD32 (two-turns down) IgG

Front 33

Stem Cell

Back 33

CD34 +

Front 34

Plasma Cell

Back 34

CD 38 +

Front 35

Interleukins HOT T BONE STEAK

Back 35

IL-1 - pyrogen, IL-2 stimulates T cells, IL-3 Bone marrow, IL-4 simulates IgE and IL5- stimulates IgA

Front 36

Infants are dependent on maternally derived Ab. Which immunoglobulin isotype crosses placenta during third trimester of gestation by binding to neonatar Fc receptor

Back 36

Ig G

Front 37

Which of the following molecules is reliably present on all developing and mature B cells and disappears only when lymphocytes terminally differentiates?

Back 37

CD19

Front 38

In the BM, recently arisen immature B cells express highly self-reactive Ab that may be rescued by

Back 38

receptor editing

Front 39

Which of the following Ig isotypes may be expressed w/o further gene rearrangement?

Back 39

IgD

Front 40

First gene rearrangement event in formation of Ig is joining of which two gene segments?

Back 40

DH--> JH

Front 41

In order for activated T cells to help B cells initiate class switching what other ligand intxn is required

Back 41

CD40:CD40L

Front 42

Which receptor downregulates IgG

Back 42

CD32 (two-turns down) IgG

Front 43

Stem Cell

Back 43

CD34 +

Front 44

Plasma Cell

Back 44

CD 38 +

Front 45

Interleukins HOT T BONE STEAK

Back 45

IL-1 - pyrogen, IL-2 stimulates T cells, IL-3 Bone marrow, IL-4 simulates IgE and IL5- stimulates IgA

Front 46

Infants are dependent on maternally derived Ab. Which immunoglobulin isotype crosses placenta during third trimester of gestation by binding to neonatar Fc receptor

Back 46

Ig G

Front 47

Which of the following molecules is reliably present on all developing and mature B cells and disappears only when lymphocytes terminally differentiates?

Back 47

CD19

Front 48

In the BM, recently arisen immature B cells express highly self-reactive Ab that may be rescued by

Back 48

receptor editing

Front 49

Which of the following Ig isotypes may be expressed w/o further gene rearrangement?

Back 49

IgD

Front 50

First gene rearrangement event in formation of Ig is joining of which two gene segments?

Back 50

DH--> JH

Front 51

In order for activated T cells to help B cells initiate class switching what other ligand intxn is required

Back 51

CD40:CD40L

Front 52

Which of the following Ag does not require T cell help

Back 52

Pneumococcal polysaccharide sero3

Front 53

XLA stops at pre-B cell

Back 53

expression of cytoplasmic mu heavy chain

Front 54

What unique process allows B cells to enhance specificity and affinity of Ag receptors

Back 54

Somatic hypermutation

Front 55

APC have PAMP recognition receptors divided into 3 groups

Back 55

(secreted, opsonized, MASP), endocytic, and signaling/TLR

Front 56

Mnemonic for Classic Complement

Back 56

C1 cleaves C4 binds to bacterial surface then cleaves C2- C1C4b2aC3

Front 57

Selectins

Back 57

Selectins are plasma membrane carbohydrate-binding adhesion molecules that mediate an initial step of low-affinity adhesion of circulating leukocytes to endothelial cells lining postcapillary venules (Table 3-1). The extracellular domains of selectins are similar to C-type lectins, so called because they bind carbohydrate structures (the definition of lectins) in a calcium-dependent manner. Selectins and their ligands are expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells.
Body_ID: P003006
Two types of selectins are expressed by endothelial cells, called P-selectin (CD62P) and E-selectin (CD62E). P-selectin, so called because it was first found in platelets, is stored in cytoplasmic granules of endothelial cells and is rapidly redistributed to the surface in response to microbial products, cytokines, histamine from mast cells, and thrombin generated during blood coagulation. E-selectin is synthesized and expressed on the endothelial cell surface within 1 to 2 hours in response to the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We will discuss IL-1, TNF, and LPS in our discussion of inflammation in Chapter 4.

The ligands on leukocytes that bind to E-selectin and P-selectin on endothelial cells are complex sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family, present on various surface glycoproteins of granulocytes, monocytes, and some previously activated effector and memory T cells. The best defined of these is the tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (sLeX). A leukocyte membrane glycoprotein called P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is post-translationally modified to display the carbohydrate ligands for P-selectin. Several different molecules may display the carbohydrate ligands for E-selectin, including the glycoproteins PSGL-1 and E-selectin ligand 1 and some glycolipids.

Front 58

What are the two integrins?

Back 58

In the immune system, the most important integrins are two that are expressed on leukocytes, called LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, more precisely named β2αL or CD11aCD18) and VLA-4 (very late antigen 4, or β1α4, or CD49dCD29) (see Table 3-1).

Front 59

Know the interactions of LFA-1

Back 59

One important ligand for LFA-1 is intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54), a membrane glycoprotein expressed on cytokine-activated endothelial cells and on a variety of other cell types, including lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. The extracellular portion of ICAM-1 is composed of globular domains that share some sequence homology and tertiary structural features of domains found in immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules and are called Ig domains. (Many proteins in the immune system contain Ig domains and belong to the Ig superfamily, which is discussed in more detail in Chapter 5.) LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 is important for leukocyte-endothelial interactions (discussed later) and T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells (see Chapter 6). Two other Ig superfamily ligands for LFA-1 are ICAM-2, which is expressed on endothelial cells, and ICAM-3, which is expressed on lymphocytes.

Front 60

Know interactions for VLA-4

Back 60

VLA-4 binds to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1, CD106), an Ig superfamily protein expressed on cytokine-activated endothelial cells in some tissues, and this interaction is important for leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites. Other integrins also play roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. For example, Mac-1 (β2αm, CD11bCD18) on

Front 61

How are leukocytes recruited?"

Back 61

SIP of wine-- selectins (L-selectins), then integrins (LFA-1 and VLA-4)

Front 62

Which TCR hypervariable loop has greatest variability and is able to contact peptide presented in MHC

Back 62

CDR3

Front 63

Where do superantigens bind

Back 63

Superantigens link to specific TCR V beta to the MHC and thus avoid need for specificity.

Front 64

Invariant chains

Back 64

Facilitates the loading and deliver of class II MHC

Front 65

What transcriptional factor is used to distinguish Th1 cells?

Back 65

Tbet

Front 66

Which is txn factor essential in distinction of Th2 cells

Back 66

GATA3

Front 67

What are the CD markers that differentiate central vs effector memory cells

Back 67

CD markers for central vs. effector memory T cells:


Central memory T cells: CD45RA-, CD27+, CCR7+, CD62L+
Effector memory T cells: CD45RA-, CD27-, CCR7-, CD62L

Front 68

What defines invariant NK cells

Back 68

Specifically utilize Va24, Ja18, and Vb 11 to generate their T cell receptor

Front 69

Which is the costimulatory receptor ligan that promotes the activation of T-cells

Back 69

CD28 on T cells and CD86 on APC.

Front 70

What represents receptor ligand pairing that results in inhibition

Back 70

PD-1 on T cells and B7-H1 on APC. CD86 on T -cells and CTLA-4 on APC.

Front 71

Discriminate LAD 1 and LAD 2

Back 71

LAD type 1 is a problem of PMNs binding to integrins (LAF-1). Integration (tight adhesion) is the second phase of the PMN recruitment (see the "SIP" mnemonic above). LAD type 2 is a problem of PMNs binding to selectins. Selection ("rolling") is the first phase of the PMN recruitment (see the "SIP" mnemonic above).

Front 72

Which TCR hypervariable loop has greatest variability and is able to contact peptide presented in MHC

Back 72

CDR3

Front 73

Where do superantigens bind

Back 73

Superantigens link to specific TCR V beta to the MHC and thus avoid need for specificity.

Front 74

Invariant chains

Back 74

Facilitates the loading and deliver of class II MHC

Front 75

What transcriptional factor is used to distinguish Th1 cells?

Back 75

Tbet

Front 76

Which is txn factor essential in distinction of Th2 cells

Back 76

GATA3

Front 77

What are the CD markers that differentiate central vs effector memory cells

Back 77

CD markers for central vs. effector memory T cells:


Central memory T cells: CD45RA-, CD27+, CCR7+, CD62L+
Effector memory T cells: CD45RA-, CD27-, CCR7-, CD62L

Front 78

What defines invariant NK cells

Back 78

Specifically utilize Va24, Ja18, and Vb 11 to generate their T cell receptor

Front 79

Which is the costimulatory receptor ligan that promotes the activation of T-cells

Back 79

CD28 on T cells and CD86 on APC.

Front 80

What represents receptor ligand pairing that results in inhibition

Back 80

PD-1 on T cells and B7-H1 on APC. CD86 on T -cells and CTLA-4 on APC.

Front 81

Discriminate LAD 1 and LAD 2

Back 81

LAD type 1 is a problem of PMNs binding to integrins (LAF-1). Integration (tight adhesion) is the second phase of the PMN recruitment (see the "SIP" mnemonic above). LAD type 2 is a problem of PMNs binding to selectins. Selection ("rolling") is the first phase of the PMN recruitment (see the "SIP" mnemonic above).

Front 82

How are integrins upregulated

Back 82

Front 83

Describe the steps of migration

Back 83

Front 84

What is the morphology of mast cell,basophil and eosinophil

Back 84

Front 85

In a patient s/p honeybee sting, the absence of venom specific IgE indicates that..

Back 85

this is not an IgE mediated reaction

Front 86

Elevated b/l level of total tryptase suggests

Back 86

systemic mastocytosis; typically mature trptase level will be low.

Front 87

How can one distinguish between basophil and mast cell lineage

Back 87

Notably the low levels of Kit exists before comitting to specific lineages then Kit expression stops unless they delineate to mast cells wherein expression of Kit increases as they mature.

Front 88

How are integrins differentiated?

Back 88

The β1-containing integrins are also called VLA molecules. VLA ("very late antigens") received their name because α1β1 and α2β1 were expressed on T cells 2 to 4 weeks after repetitive stimulation in vitro in the early experiments.

The β1 integrins are also called CD49a-fCD29. CD49a-f refers to different α chains (α1 to α6). CD29 refers to the common β1 subunit.

Front 89

What constitutes the LFA-1 family?

Back 89

The β2 integrins are also known as the LFA-1 family or CD11a-cCD18. CD11 refers to different α chains and CD18 to the common β2 subunit. LFA-1 is also called CD11aCD18.

Front 90

What are the other members of the b2 subunit family?

Back 90

her members of the LFA-1 family include CD11bCD18 (Mac-1 or CR3) and CD11cCD18 (p150,95 or CR4), both of which have the same β subunit as LFA-1.

Front 91

Describe the cell lineage of various immunocytes

Back 91

Front 92

Describe the cell lineage of various immunocytes

Front 93

Describe MBP

Back 93

Makes 1/2 of eosinophil granule protein; cytotoxic to parasites similar to EDN and ECP. Notably capable of trigerring histamine release from mast cells and basophils

Front 94

What are some other mediators found in eosinophil specific granulse?

Back 94

EDN, ECP, EPO

Front 95

What are some cytokines/chemokines produced by eosinophils

Back 95

IL-2, IL6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNF, TGF

Front 96

What is the most potent chemoattractant

Back 96

Eotaxin -2

Front 97

Eosinophils migrating to tissues respond to :

Back 97

Eotaxin (CCL11/CCL24) and RANTES (CCL5)

Front 98

Receptors for IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF shares a common ___ chain

Back 98

beta; all stimulate eosinophil devpt

Front 99

Describe the cell lineage of various immunocytes

Back 99

Front 100

What are the newly generated cell mediators?

Back 100

leukotrienes and prostaglandins (Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made from the oxygenation of 20 - C essential FA)

Front 101

What are some preformed mediators secreted from mast cells

Back 101

histamine, serine proteases (tryptases), TNF, proteoglycans (such as heparin) and serertonin

Front 102

What are some important newly formed mediators

Back 102

PGD2, LTC4, PAF, IL-4