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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Important genes for embryogenesis?
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Sonic hedgehog
Wnt-7 FGF Homeobox |
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Fetal Landmarks for first 3 weeks after fertilization?
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Week 1: Implantation as blastocyst
Week 2: Bilaminar Disk (epiblast/hypoblast) Week 3: Gastrulation, Primitive Streak, Notocord, and Neural plate begin to form |
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When is the embryonic period and what occurs during it?
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Week 3-8
Neural Tube formation Organogenesis Extremely susceptible time to teratogens |
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What happens in week 4?
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Heart begins to beat
Upper and lower limb buds form |
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What comes after the embryonic period?
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Fetal Period
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What kicks off the fetal period during week 8?
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Fetal Movement
Looks like a baby |
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What happens at week 10?
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genitalia look like male or female
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What the crap are the alar and basal plates?
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Alar is sensory
Basal is Motor (same orientation as spinal cord |
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what are the "rules" of early dev?
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Rules of 2's for 2nd week
Rules of 3's for 3rd week Rules of 4's for 4th week |
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What makes up the Rules of 2's?
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2 Germ Layers (epiblast/hypoblast)
2 Cavities (amniotic and yolk sac) 2 Components to placenta (cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast) |
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What makes up the Rules of 3's?
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3 germ layers
ecto, meso, endo derms |
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What makes up the Rules of 4?
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4 heart chambers
4 limb buds |
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What is the precursors to ecto, meso, and endo-derms?
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Epiblast --> ectoderm
The epiblast invaginates to form the primitive streak, of which cells will give rise to meso and endo |
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What are the three main "types" of ectoderm?
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Surface ectoderm
Neruoectoderm Neural Crest |
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What does the Surface Ectoderm give rise to?
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Adenohypophysis
Lens of eye Epithelial lining of oral cavity, Ear, Eye, and Nose Epidermis Salivary, sweat, and mammary glands |
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What does neuroectoderm give rise to?
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Brain
Retina Spinal Cord |
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What do Neural Crest cells give rise to?
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ANS
Dorsal Root Ganglia Cranial Nerves Celiac Ganglion melanocytes Chromafin and enterochromafin cells parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid Bones of skull Odontoblasts (teeth) |
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What does the endoderm give rise to?
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Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (lung, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
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what does mesoderm give rise to?
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Muscle
Bone CT Spleen CV structures lymphatics Blood Urogenital stuff Kidneys Adrenal CTX |
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What makes the ectoderm become neuroectoderm?
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Notochord induces it
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Mnemonic for mesodermal defects?
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VACTERL
Vertebral Anal atresia Cardiac Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal Limb |
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What does the notochord give rise to/
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Nucleus Pulposus of disks
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most susceptible time for teratogens?
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3rd-8th week (embryonic period)
before 3 = all or none effect after 8 = growth and fxn affected |
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Common Teratogens?
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Alcohol
ACE-I Cocaine Iodide (lack or excess) Vit A (excess) Smoking X-rays Anticonvulsants Warfarin Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides |
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Effects on fetus from alcohol?
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Leading cause of defects and MR
FAS |
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Effects on fetus from ACE-I
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Renal Damage
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Effects on fetus from Cocaine?
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Abnormal dev
Addiction Placental Abruption |
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Effects on fetus from Diethylstilbestrol (DES)?
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Vaginal Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
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Effects on fetus from Iodide?
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Congenital goiter
Hypothyroidism |
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Effects on fetus from Vit A excess?
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Spontaneous abortions
Cleft palate Cardiac defects |
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Effects on fetus from Thalidomide?
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Limb defects (flippers)
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Effects on fetus from Smoking?
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Preterm labor
placental problems IUGR ADHD |
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Effects on fetus from X-rays or anticonvulsants?
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lots
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Effects on fetus from Warfarin?
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Bone deformities
Fetal hemorrhage Abortion |
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Effects on fetus from alkylating agents?
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missing digits
multiple anomalies |
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Effects on fetus from Aminoglycosides?
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CN VIII toxicity
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Effects on fetus from folate antagonists?
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Neural tube defects
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What is the leading cause of congenital malformations in the US?
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FAS
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When is the chorion and amnion formed? how does this affect twins?
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Chorion at day 3
amnion at day 8 Splitting before day 3-->two chorions and 2 amnions Splitting between 3 and 8--> 1 chorion and 2 amnions After day 8 ---> 1 chorion and 1 amnion = higher risk of conjoined twins |
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who is identical?
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monozygotic twins
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The Fetal components of the placenta?
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Cytotrophoblast (inner layer of chorionic villi)
Syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer of villi) |
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Maternal components of placenta?
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Decidua basalis (from endometrium)
the blood in the lacunae |
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What's in the Umbilical Cord? fxn?
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2 arteries-return deoxy blood to placenta
1 vein: supplies oxy blood to fetus 1 urachus: connects to allantois to depose of fetal bladder contents |
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What is Vitelline Fistula/
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between umbilicus and terminal ileum--->fecal discharge
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What is a urachal fistula?
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Between umbilicus and bladder--->urinary discharge
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What are the embryonic heart structures?
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Truncus Arteriosus
Bulbus Cordis Primitive Ventricle Primitive Atria Left horn of sinus venosus Right horn of sinus venosus Right common cardinal vein and Right anterior cardinal vein |
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What does the Truncus Arteriosus give rise to?
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Asc Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
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What does the Bulbus Cordis give rise to?
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Smooth parts (outflow tract) of future ventricles
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what does the primitive ventricle give rise to?
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Trabeculated parts of future ventricles
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What does the primitive atria give rise to?
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trabeculated parts of future atria
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what does the left horn of sinus venosus give rise to?
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Coronary Sinus
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what does the right horn of the SV give rise to?
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Smooth part of RA
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What does the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to?
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SVC
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Steps of IV septum formation?
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1. Muscular septum begins forming. Hole = IV foramen
2. AP septum divides TA into A and P trunks 3. AP septum meets muscular septum = IV septum = no more IV foramen |
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Fetal Erythropoiesis Occurs in?
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Yolk Sac (3-8 wks)
Liver (6-30 wks) Spleen (9-28 wks) Bone Marrow (28 onward) |
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Fetal hemoglobin?
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a2y2
adult = a2B2 |
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Where do the umbilical veins and arteries hook up?
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U A's hook up to Internal Iliac arteries
UV hooks up to IVC via Ductus Venosus |
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3 Important Shunts of fetal circulation?
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1. Ductus Venosus causes mama's blood to bypass hepatic circulation and make it into IVC
2. Foramen Ovale diverts blood coming in from IVC from RA to LA to get it pumped out to the body 3. Deoxy blood from SVC skips from pulm. artery to Aorta through Ductus Arteriosus |
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What happens to Fetal Circulation at birth?
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baby breathes--> dec resistance in pulm vasculature--->inc LA pressure--> foramen ovale closes
Inc O2 ---> dec prostaglandins--->closure of ductus arteriosus |
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How can we pharmaceutically manipulate the DA?
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Prostaglandins keep it open
Indomethacin helps close it |
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives?
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Umbilical Vein-->ligamentum teres hepatis
UmbiLical Arteries-->MediaL Umbilical Ligaments Ductus A--->Ligamentum arteriosus Ductus V--->Lig. venosum Foramen Ovale--->fossa ovalis AllaNtois--urachus--->MediaN umbilical ligament Notochord--->nucleus pulposus of vertebral disks |
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Where is the Ligamentum Teres Hepatis (from umb. vein)?
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In the Falciform Ligament
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What do the Aortic Arches become?
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1st: part of Maxillary Art (off ext. carotid)
2nd: Stapedial Art and hyoid art 3rd: common Carotid and proximal internal carotid 4th: on left-->aortic arch; on right-->proximal subclavian art 5th: NADA 6th: proximal pulm art's and ductus arteriosus |
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What are the primitive brain areas and what do they become?
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Telencephalon--->cerebral hemi's and lateral ventricle
Diencephalon-->Thalami and 3rd vent Mesencephalon-->midbrain and aqueduct Metencephalon--->Pons and a bit of aqueduct OR Cerebellum and 4th ventricle Myelencephalon--->Medulla |
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In utero sign of NTD's?
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Elevated AFP in maternal serum or amniotic fluid
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3 main NTD's?
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Spina Bifida Oculta
Meningocele Myelomeningocele |
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What happens w/ spina bifida?
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Failure of bony spinal canal to close, but NO structural herniation. Intact Dura
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What happens w/ Meningocele?
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Meninges herniate through spinal canal defect
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What happens w/ myelomeningocele?
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Meninges and SPINAL CORD herniate (that's bad)
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Forebrain Anomalies?
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Anencephaly
Holoprosencephaly |
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How do you get anencephaly?
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Malformed anterior end of NT--->no brain/calvarium
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in utero signs of anencephaly?
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elevated AFP
polyhydramnios (no swallowing center) |
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What is holoprosencephaly?
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dec separation of hemisphers across midline-->cyclopia
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When do you usually see holoprosencephaly?
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Severe FAS
Patau's |
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Posterior Fossa Malformations?
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Chiari Type II
Dandy Walker |
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What's up with Chiari Type II?
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Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation through F. Magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly.
Presents w/ syringomyelia and thoracolumbar myelomeningocele |
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What's up with Dandy Walker?
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Large Posterior Fossa
Absent Cerebellum w/ cyst in its place |
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What is syringomyelia?
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enlarged central canal of spinal cord
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Typical location of syringomyelia?
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C8-T1
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Syringomyelia usually affects? result?
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Crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract--->"cape-like' bilateral loss of pain and temperature in upper extremities w/ preservation of touch
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Parts of the Branchial Apparatus? origins?
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Clefts - Ectoderm
Arches - Mesoderm and Neural Crest Pouches - Endoderm |
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Innervation to the Branchial Arch derivatives?
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Arch 1: CN V2 and 3 (chewing)
Arch 2: CN VII (facial expression) Arch 3: CN IX (stylopharyngeus) Arch 4 and 6: CN X (swallowing and speaking, respectively) take note that these are the only CN's w/ motor and sensory components (except V2) |
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So what does Arch 1 become?
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Meckel's Cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament
Muscles: of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids); mylohyoid, anterior 2/3's of tongue, Tensor's, ant. belly of digastric |
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What is the syndrome of Arch 1 malformation?
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Treacher Collins Syndrome = Arch 1 neural crest didn't migrate-->mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities
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