Board Review Community Health

Front 1

classes medication - what kind of prescription

Back 1

class I - approved for investigation use only
Class II - strongest approved for pain, prescribed in writing, no refill, can call in in emergency provided you give written authority
Class III and IV can be called in
Class IV can be filled in limited quantities provided in limited quantities with Rx.

Front 2

What is the power of a test

Back 2

power of a test is function of sample size, the magnituede of experimental efect and the efficiency of a test.
efficiency of a test depends on the assumptions made by the test. - more assumption beget higher efficency but are more prone to miselading results if assumption are not met

Front 3

Which have higher efficiency - parametric test or nonparametric tests

Back 3

Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, have higher efficiency than corresponding nonparametirc tests (U-test, H-test, Frieman's test)

Front 4

What does positive correlation mean?

Back 4

If the dependent variable increases as does hte independn variable correlation is positive

Front 5

What does discriminant analysis address?

Back 5

Discriminant analysis addresses the question: are there k independent populations in the sample?

Front 6

What does factor analysis address?

Back 6

Factor analysis addresses the question: given that there are multiple populations in the sample, how are htey different

Front 7

What does Chi-square tests do?

Back 7

Chi-square assesses sample for differences in observed vs. expectged performance. Chi square is one of tghe least efficent and most robust tests

Front 8

How do you define public healht in general terms?

Back 8

public health involves issues of physical mental nad socia wel bieing and longevity

Front 9

What are primary , secondary and tertiary prevention?

Back 9

Primary prevention: efforts to prevent diesease before it occurs, secondary prevention, refers to screening or disease precursors in order to institure treatment before symptoms occur, tertiary prevention referst efforts to arrest or retard the efects of a condition already established.

Front 10

What are the three components of all disease

Back 10

The etiology of all disease includes host, agent and enviromental components.

Front 11

How are tghe risk categories for health car workers defined

Back 11

category 1 fequent direct contact with blood and body fluids
category 2 - infrequent -
category 3 - seldom

Front 12

What major health orgrams were provided for in the 1965 amendments to the social security act

Back 12

Medicare established in title 18
medicaid in title 19

Front 13

What are the benefits provided for in medicare title 18

Back 13

Provides health care for the elderly, blind and disable.
Par A (involuntary)
impatient servise $520 deductible, exteneded care services, home healh services, otupateint diagnostic srvices
par B (voluntary with a monthly premium) doctors fees, $100. 00 deductible pays for 80% of approved costs

Front 14

What is a prospective study

Back 14

follows a group of patients forward in time to determine and issue of disease

Front 15

retrospective study

Back 15

begins at the present time and looks backward to identify data of interst

Front 16

descriptive study

Back 16

provides a specific snapshot of various demographic and clinical data in a sampel population.

Front 17

observational study

Back 17

clinical studies where the investigator is unable to manipulate the primary variables.

Front 18

interventional study

Back 18

experiments where the investigator is able to manipulate the varibles tgo test a specific hypothesis

Front 19

What is prevalence rate

Back 19

((all cases of a given disease at a given time) / (estimated population)) x 1000

Front 20

What is incidence

Back 20

[(new cases of disease per unit time)/(estimated population)] x 10

Front 21

Formula for false positive

Back 21

[(persons without the diseae positive ot test)/(total non - disease)] x 100

Front 22

formula for false negative

Back 22

[{persons with disease negative to test) / (total diseased)] x 100

Front 23

Sensitivity: true positive

Back 23

(number of positives with disease)/(number who don't have disease) x 100

Front 24

Specificity: true negative

Back 24

Number of negative with out disease/ number who do not have disease x 100

Front 25

What are mean, median, mode,

Back 25

mean - numerical average
media - middle most value in a set o number s o value
mode - most frequently occuring value or number

Front 26

What is a type I error?

Back 26

A type I error occurs when H0 is rejecte when it is true (H1 accepted when false)

Front 27

What is a type II error?

Back 27

a type II error occurs when H0 is accepte when it is false (h1 rejected when true)

Front 28

What is p-value

Back 28

probablity of committing a type I error

Front 29

What is test power

Back 29

test power = 1- probability of commiting a type II error

Front 30

What is a z score?

Back 30

z score reflects how far a value is from the mean in units of standard deviations of the sample {z = (xi - x m) /SD

Front 31

What is a confidence interval?

Back 31

the range about a measure value required ffor a given level of confidence that the true value lies within that interval. The width of the confidence intervals dcrease as the does the probability constraint and vice versa

Front 32

What is kurtosis?

Back 32

kurtosis is a measure of the peakedness of a (normal) curve

Front 33

What is homoskedasticity

Back 33

homoskedasticity refers to equality of variances

Front 34

what is the law of large numbers

Back 34

law of large numbers
weak form: as the sample size increases the mean o the sampe approaches the mean of the population
stong form: as the sample size increase the probability that there is a difference between the mean of the sampel and hte mean of the population approaches zero

Front 35

What is the central limit theorem

Back 35

the means of repeated random samples drawn from any population, whatever its distribution re randomly distributed

Front 36

What is Expected value

Back 36

The expected value of event A, E(A), is the probability of event A occuring x the pay off if event A occurs

Front 37

What is sensitivity?

Back 37

TP/ (TP + FN)

Front 38

What is specificity

Back 38

TN/(TN + FP)

Front 39

What is negative predictive value

Back 39

Negative predictive value =
TN/ (TN + FN)

Front 40

What is positive predictive value

Back 40

Positive predictive value =
TP / (TP + FP)

Front 41

Negative predictive value increases as the prevalence of disease ____
Postivie predictive value increases as the prevalence of diseas ___

Back 41

Negative predictive value increases as the prevalence of disease decreases
positive predictive value increases as the prevalence of disease increases

Front 42

formula for relative risk

Back 42

RR = P(D|TP)/P(D|TN)

Front 43

formula for relative hazard

Back 43

RHt = h(D|TP)t/h(D|TN)1

Front 44

formual for odds ration

Back 44

RR * P(H|TN / PH|TP)