Bns 1 Exam - Foster- Cns/neuro

Front 1

Endoderm give rise to what structures?

Back 1

•Epithelium of alimentary canal
•Pancreas & liver
•Thyroid, parathyroid
•Thymus
•Lung and trachea
•Middle ear epithelium
•Urethral epithelium
•Vaginal epithelium

Front 2

Mesoderm gives rise to what?

Back 2

• Somite
• Intermediate mesoderm
• Lateral plate mesoderm

Front 3

Ectoderm gives rise to what structures?

Back 3

• Skin (epidermis)
• Epidermal glands (sweat, sebaceous, mammary)
• Eye: lens, corneal epithelium
• Inner ear labyrinth
• Anterior pituitary
• Hair, nails

Front 4

Fate of Somitic Mesoderm

Back 4

• Dermatome: dermis of skin.
• Myotome: ventral and dorsal skeletal muscle (deep back).
• Sclerotome: vertebrae and intervertebral disks.

Front 5

Intermediate Mesoderm gives rise to what?

Back 5

– Kidney
– Ureter and ductus deferens
– Gonads

Front 6

Neuroectoderm gives rise to what?

Back 6

• Neuroectoderm
• Brain & Spinal Cord
• Eye: retina, pigment epithelium, optic nerve
• Pars nervosa of pituitary gland

Front 7

Functions of Notocord

Back 7

• Helps to define anterior-posterior axis *
• Stimulates differentiation of
– Spinal cord
– Somites *
– Helps create left-right differences *
• Eventual fate: mostly it disappears, except for those cells that become nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks.

Front 8

Somatic mesoderm gives rise to what structures?

Back 8

– Bones, cartilage, fascia and other CT
– Vessels

Front 9

Splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to what structures?

Back 9

– Visceral smooth muscle
– Fascia and connective tissues of viscera

Front 10

By what day the notochord formation have been completed?

Back 10

day 18

Front 11

when does the neural and gut tubes form?

Back 11

3rd -4th week

Front 12

The neural tube differentiates out from where?

Back 12

ectoderm overlying the notochord

Front 13

What is the receptive area ?

Back 13

an oval patch stretching from the oral plate to the primitive node.

Front 14

The receptive area thickens into what

Back 14

This area thickens into a neural plate.

Front 15

What filament plays a role to pull the neural folds together?

Back 15

actin filaments

Front 16

List the steps in the neural tube formation

Back 16

• The neural folds come together to fuse.
• The neural groove now becomes a neural tube.
• The space inside the neural tube is now a neural canal.
• The neural crest aggregate and some of the cells migrate throughout the body.

Front 17

Where does neural tube formation begins?

Back 17

cervical region of embryo and progresses toward cranial and caudal ends.

Front 18

neural tube will close at first where?

Back 18

extremities.

Front 19

What happens at day 20?

Back 19

neural fold begin to form at the center of the embryo. Note the anterior and posterior parts still have neural plate. Start to close the fold.

Front 21

By 23 days, there are only two small connections between the amnion and the neural tube. What are those and give rise to what?

Back 21

• The rostral/anterior neuropore (give rise to brain stem) and
• The caudal neuropore * ( end of spinal cord developing)
The proximal part of the neural tube starts to differentiate into the brain and brainstem

Front 22

When does Cranial neuropore closes?

Back 22

Day 25

Front 23

When does Caudal neuropore closes?

Back 23

Day 27

Front 24

What neural tube gives rise to?

Back 24

brain and spinal cord

Front 25

A delay in neural tube closing result in what?

Back 25

A delay in closing causes a failure of the overlying mesoderm to form bone.

Front 26

Rostral Neuropore's Delay in closing result in what?

Back 26

in exencephaly (brain is outside of the scull) and anencephaly (brain tissue degenerates).

Front 27

Caudal Neuropore's Delay in closing result in what?

Back 27

spina bifida.

Front 28

Types of spina bifida

Back 28

Spina bifida occulta: complete failure of formation of structures around the spinal cord
• Meningomyelocele; spinal cord outside of the vertebralcolumn
• Rachischisis: failure of closer all together, neural tissue on the surface, paralysis loss of sensory functions in the lower extremities.

Front 29

List the derivatives of neural crest cells:

Back 29

• autonomic ganglia CB located outside of CNS
• sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves (CN that part of PNS are sensory nerves)
• melanocytes (can migrate to other organs)
• suprarenal medulla and autonomic ganglia
• Schwann cells
• meninges of brain &spinal cord (arachnoid and pia mater)
• some skeletal & muscular components of head (cranial bones)

Front 30

How neural crest cells form?

Back 30

• Differentiates from neural fold cells of neuroectoderm.
• Migrates into mesodermal area by amoeboid movement, similar to mesoderm in general cell structure.

Front 31

Neural crest cells differntiates into what?

Back 31

peripherial nerve cells (autonomic, sensory),
support cells (Schwann, satellite),
melanocytes, and
adrenal medulla cells.

Front 32

What is the first neuron that develops from Neuroepithelial cells ?

Back 32

the Neuroblast

Front 33

what gives rise to all the cells to the CNS?

Back 33

Neuroepithelial cells

Front 34

List the steps of neuron formation/development at week 4

Back 34

Apolar neuroblast 2. Bipolar neuroplast 3. Multipolar neuron if motor neuron.

Front 35

When is the first differentiation of nerve cells when axon migrate out of CNS?

Back 35

5th week

Front 36

What happens in the exact same time as first differentiation of nerve cells and why?

Back 36

closure of neuropores, so these cells are not exposed to any amniotic fluid that comes into the canal.

Front 37

What happens during 6th to 10th week?

Back 37

intensive differentiation of stem cells into neural tissue

Front 38

list the 3 Neural Tube Zones

Back 38

1.Ventricular zone next to lumen (neuroepithelial cells dividing)
2.Intermediate/mantle zone (glial/neuronal CB and other cell’s CB stuck in here)
3.Marginal zone (outer zone, axons)

Front 39

Function of Astrocytes

Back 39

migrate around blood vessels and help the formation of Blood Brain Barrier such as
• electrolyte balance of the CNS
• remove neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts
• produce trophic factors necessary for neuronal survival
• form scars after CNS injury
They also have supportive, nutritive and reparative roles. Can replace connective tissue.

Front 40

Type of glial cells

Back 40

Astrocytes, Oligodendocytes(CNS), schwann cells (PNS), microglia, capsular (satellite ) cells

Front 41

What glia cells form from?

Back 41

neuroepithelial cells
except microglia (mesodermal origin)

Front 42

neuroepithelial cells can form what kind of cells?

Back 42

Glia
Ependyma
Nerve cells

Front 43

What zone Ependyma cells found?

Back 43

ventricular

Front 44

What zone grey matter arise from and contain what part of the neuron?

Back 44

containing cell bodies, arises from mantle region.
•contains cell bodies, dendrites and axons (mainly unmyelinated)*
•neuronal cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions tend to be located together in groups à nuclei (s. nucleus)*
•neuronal cell bodies are also arranged in layers on the surface of cerebral hemispheres
and cerebellum à cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex

Front 45

What zone white matter arise from and contain what part of the neuron?

Back 45

The white matter, predominantly myelinated axons, arises from marginal region.
arranged in tracts (fasciculi, lemnisci)*
tract à group of axons that have similar origin, termination and course and transmit the same information

Front 46

If you move out from the spinal cord what layers/zones you go through

Back 46

spinal cord's hole in the middle is the central canal surrounded by a layer of the ependymal cells in the ventricular zone, outside of that you find the grey matter DH in the mantle zone with the CBs. Outside of that is white matter outer zone of CNS.

Front 47

What part of of neural tube gives rise to brain ?

Back 47

cephalic

Front 48

List 3 primary brain vesicles

Back 48

1.prosencephalon or forebrain
2.mesencephalon or midbrain
3.rhombencephalon

Front 49

What is the seconday brian vesicle for -Prosencephalon?

Back 49

•telencephalon
•diencephalon

Front 50

What is the seconday brian vesicle for -Mesencephalon?

Back 50

does not divide it is the same

Front 51

What is the seconday brian vesicle for rhombencephalon?

Back 51

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 52

What is the wall and cavity deravitives of telencephalon?

Back 52

cerebral hemispheres
and lateral ventricles (1 inside each cerebral hemisphere)

Front 53

What is the wall and cavity derivatives of diencephalon ?

Back 53

thalamus, hypothalamus
3rd ventricle

Front 54

What is the wall and cavity deravitives of mesencephalon?

Back 54

midbrain
cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

Front 55

What is the wall and cavity deravitives of metencephalon?

Back 55

pons and cerebellum
upper part of 4th ventricle

Front 56

What is the wall and cavity deravitives of myelencephalon ?

Back 56

medulla oblongata
lower part of 4th ventricle

Front 57

The internal canal, called the neural canal in the four-week embryo, will differentiate into what in the Cns and Pns?

Back 57

In the brain, it becomes the ventricles.
In the spinal cord, it becomes the spinal canal.

Front 58

what is the only structure that do not contain coroid plexus?

Back 58

Aquedauct

Front 59

Function of Coroid plexus?

Back 59

to make CSF

Front 60

Mantle in the dorsal part of the developing brain is called what?

Back 60

the alar plate

Front 61

What is the agar plate develop into?

Back 61

sensory areas
Somatic sensation located dorsally
Visceral sensation located closer to sulcus limitans

Front 62

Mantle in the ventral part of the developing brain is called what?

Back 62

basal plate

Front 63

What is the basal plate develop into?

Back 63

motor areas
–Visceral (autonomic located more dorsally)
–Somatic (located ventrally)

Front 64

What separates the agar and the basal plate?

Back 64

sulcus limitans

Front 65

What neurons form in the basal plate?

Back 65

multipolar neurons

Front 66

What is the differentiation between myelination in the CNS and outside of CNS (PNS)?

Back 66

MYELINATION OUTSIDE OF CNS SCHWANN CELLS/
IN CNS-OLIGODENDROCYTES

Front 67

What level is spinal cord ends by 7 month of fetal life?

Back 67

By 7 months of fetal life, cord ends as high as S1

Front 68

What level is spinal cord ends at birth?

Back 68

By birth spinal cord ends at about L3.

Front 69

What level is spinal cord ends at adulthood?

Back 69

By adulthood, spinal cord ends at about L1.

Front 70

How is the sensory areas (agar plate)/ motor areas (basal plate) located during medulla oblangata differentiation?

Back 70

MOst lateral nuclei is Special Somatic Afferent (eg, hearing and balance) •
General Somatic afferent (touch) more medially
•Special Visceral Afferent (taste) even more medially
•General Visceral Afferent most medial to sulcus limitans
: more medially to sulcus limitans is:
–General Visceral Efferent (Parasympathetics)
–Special Visceral Efferent (branchial arch muscles)
–General Somatic Efferent (other muscles). In the middle at both sides. Ex: hypoglossal n.

Front 71

How does olivary nucleus develops during medulla oblangata differentiation?

Back 71

Inferior olivary nucleus develops by migration of alar plate cells below the agar/basal plate!

Front 72

How is Metencephalon differentiation different from Medulla oblangata differentiation?

Back 72

Similar to it, except the Pontine nucleus develops by migration of alar plate cells

Front 73

During differentiation of midbrain what agar plate gives rise to?

Back 73

– Colliculus
– Mesencephalic nucleus of V.

Front 74

During differentiation of midbrain what basal plate gives rise to?

Back 74

– Oculomotor nucleus
– Red nucleus
– Substantia nigra

Front 75

List the brain flexures you know.

Back 75

Cranial flexure
cervical flexure

Front 76

Eye associated with what brian vesicle?

Back 76

diencephalon

Front 77

Where is the cranial flexure located?

Back 77

Btwn midbrain and prosencephalon

Front 78

Where is the cervical flexure located?

Back 78

Btwn spinal cord and Rhomboencephalon

Front 79

Prosencephalon development

Back 79

•Lamina terminalis : most rostal extend of the brain ends up as rostal wall of diencephalon.
•Telencephalon moves forward and back again forming the temporal lobe
•Eye associated with Diencephalon

Front 80

What happens at 7 week?

Back 80

Cerebellum derived from Pontine flexure.

Front 81

Development of the Cerebellum

Back 81

Most rostal part of the opening at the pons region will be the Rhombic Lip and they pulled caudally.
Cells in the Mantle layer migrate out to the marginal zone, some of them stop and form Purkinje cells the others form the cerebellar cortex. Cerebellum above the 4th ventricle.

Front 82

what is on top of diencephalon?

Back 82

Above that is Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Epithalamus

Front 83

What does diencephalon missing?

Back 83

NO BASAL PLATE. Only sensory go through.

Front 84

Define internal capsule

Back 84

trap of axons going through to/from cortex. Separate the corpus striatum into 2 parts: Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus.

Front 85

Define Perikaryon

Back 85

also called the soma or cell body is the portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus. It is the metabolic center of the neuron, golgi, RER located here

Front 86

2 neuron cell processes

Back 86

dendrites and axons

Front 87

neural processes involved in conveying information away from the cell body

Back 87

axon

Front 88

receive information from other cells or neurons and transport impulses toward the cell body

Back 88

dendrites

Front 89

Axons characteristically contain what things?

Back 89

contain microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments, mitochondria, but lack Nissl material and Golgi complexes. Because the metabolic center is the soma and all proteins produced there.

Front 90

What type of transport moves molecules (nutrients, neurotransmitters) and organelles (mitochondria, neurofilaments) from cell body to distal end of axon

Back 90

•anterograde axonal transport

Front 91

What type of transport returns used or worn out materials to cell body for restoration

Back 91

•retrograde axonal transport

Front 92

T/F
Often axons can find their way back to the target. It can be regenerated or reinnervated!

Back 92

true

Front 93

Neuron classification is based partly upon what?

Back 93

shape of the perikaryon and partly on the number and orientation of cell processes

Front 94

what is the the principle neuron found in sensory ganglia?

Back 94

Pseudounipolar neurons
are located in sensory ganglia of spinal nerves and of some cranial nerves

Front 95

Where do you find Bipolar neurons?

Back 95

in the retina, olfactory epithelium and form the ganglia of vestibulocochlear nerve. Special somatic afferent neurons

Front 96

what is the most common type of neuron?

Back 96

Multipolar neuron
Find these in motor pathways .

Front 97

3 Functional Classification of Neurons

Back 97

•afferent (sensory): carry information from peripheral receptors to the CNS.
•efferent (motor): carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscle, glands). From ventral horn to skeletal muscle.
•interneurons: reside entirely within the CNS and establish neuronal circuits between sensory and motor neurons and other interneurons

Front 98

What are Synapses?

Back 98

regions of close apposition between a neuron and its target cell (which may be another neuron, a muscle cell, or gland). They act to transduce the electrical signal travelling in a process so that the target cell is also electrically excited. Synapses therefore have pre-synaptic and post-synaptic elements.

Front 99

There are two types of astroglial cells

Back 99

1.protoplasmic astrocytes found mostly in the gray matter (CB’s of neurons) and
2.Fibrous astrocytes found mostly in the white matter.

Front 100

BBB components

Back 100

BBB component is the endothelial cells and the blood vessels itself . In Brain endothelial cells joined by tight junctions, few pinocytotic vesicles. Low molecular weight substances can cross!

Front 101

Function of Oligodendrocytes

Back 101

• involved in formation and maintenance of myelin in the CNS. Can myelinate many nerby neruons.

Front 102

function of microglia

Back 102

These are cells probably of mesodermal origin involved in phagocytic activity within the CNS. They are coming from outside and migrating to the nervous tissue. Derived from the mesencyal cells. Small cells. Can turn to macrophagic cells.

Front 103

What is the Choroid plexus function and how is it different from ependymal cells?

Back 103

Invaginated folds of ependymal-like epithelial cells responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). C.P is continuation of ependymal cells but different functionally and morphologically. Tight junctions among cells. Cells of choroid plexus selectively transport material from the blood and fill up the ventriceled with CSF

Front 104

Ependymal Cells location

Back 104

line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 105

How myelin produced?

Back 105

Myelin is a lipoprotein material which encases many high speed axons in both the CNS and PNS. In the CNS, myelin is produced as an elaboration of oligodendrocyte plasmalemma; In the PNS, the Schwann cell produces myelin. In either case, portions of the ensheathing cell surround the axon to be myelinated, and wrap successively around the axon, forming multiple layers of membrane and cytoplasm. Subsequently, the cytoplasm is "squeezed" out of the concentric layers, and the inner aspects of the plasmalemma come together and fuse. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes send out many processes from the cell body, each of which is capable of forming one segment of myelin around an axon. A Schwann cell only associates with one axona single oligodendrocyte typically associates with many axons. * one oligodendrocyte forms myelin around a variable number of axons (up to 40 or 50).

Front 106

3 layers of cerebellar cortex

Back 106

1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje cell layer-multipolar neuron 3. Granular layer

Front 107

Outside the brain & spinal cord, nerve cell bodies are grouped into what?

Back 107

ganglia

Front 108

Where is SSA located and give example

Back 108

most lateral in medulla oblangata
Special Somatic Afferent (eg, hearing and balance)

Front 109

Where is GSA located and give example

Back 109

lateral in medulla oblangata
btwn SSA and SVA
General Somatic afferent (touch)

Front 110

Where is SVA located and give example

Back 110

taste
located in lateral part of medulla oblangata btwn GSA and GVA

Front 111

Where is GVA located and give example

Back 111

LAteral part of medulla bwn sulcus limitans and SVA

Front 112

Where is GVE located and give example.

Back 112

General Visceral Efferent (Parasympathetics)
medulla oblangata btwn sulcus limitans and SVE

Front 113

Where is SVE located and give example.

Back 113

Special Visceral Efferent (branchial arch muscles)
Medulla oblangata and btwn GVE and GSE

Front 114

Where is GSE located and give example.

Back 114

General Somatic Efferent (other muscles).
medulla oblangata most medial next to SVE

Front 115

What happens at Day 18?

Back 115

notocord formation

Front 116

What happens at Day 20?

Back 116

folds begin to form at the center of embryo. Note A/P parts still have neural plate.

Front 117

What happens at Day 22?

Back 117

the center folds have already fused and the fusion of the neural folds continue A/P direction

Front 118

What happens at Day 23?

Back 118

only 2 small connections btwn the amnion and the neural tube
-rostal neuropore
-caudal neuropore

Front 119

What happens at Day 18?

Back 119

notocord formation

Front 120

What happens at Day 20?

Back 120

folds begin to form at the center of embryo. Note A/P parts still have neural plate.

Front 121

What happens at Day 22?

Back 121

the center folds have already fused and the fusion of the neural folds continue A/P direction

Front 122

What happens at Day 23?

Back 122

only 2 small connections are btwn the amnion and the neural tube
-rostal neuropore
-caudal neuropore