Bms Unit 2

Front 1

Central Nervous system (CNS)

Back 1

contains the brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 2

consists of nerves that carry both sensory and motor information to and from CNS

Front 3

Sensory Afferent

Back 3

A division of the PNS, that carries information towards the CNS

Front 4

Motor Efferent

Back 4

A division of the PNS that carries information from CNS to bring about or cause a response

Front 5

In the 3 box model of the nervous system, what branch of the nervous system is involved with "sensory"

Back 5

PNS, specifically with sensory afferent

Front 6

In the 3 box model of the nervous system, what branch of the nervous system is involved with "Integration"

Back 6

CNS

Front 7

In the 3 box model of the nervous system, what branch of the nervous system is involved with "data out" or "motor movement"

Back 7

PNS, specifically the motor efferent

Front 8

What is sensory transduction

Back 8

The process of sensory receptors converting an energy type into ion movement across membranes

Front 9

What are the three energy types?

Back 9

1. Electromagnetic = light/vision. 2. Mechanical = touch or hearing. 3. Chemical = taste or smell

Front 10

What is the neuron doctrine

Back 10

states that neurons are the fundamental structure and function of the nervous system

Front 11

What are the five tastes?

Back 11

1. Salty 2. Sweet. 3. Umami. 4. Sour. 5. Bitter

Front 12

What is flavor

Back 12

the combination of taste and smell

Front 13

Cellularists

Back 13

the group of people who believe that neurons are individual cells

Front 14

Reticularists

Back 14

People who believe that every neuron is connected to each other

Front 15

Fast axo plasmic transport

Back 15

move 200 - 400 mm day, proteins are made on rough er

Front 16

slow axo plasmic transport

Back 16

.5 - 2mm/day, proteins made on free ribosomes

Front 17

Law of dynamic polarization

Back 17

unidirectional flow of information in the nervous system from the dendrite -> Cell body -> Axon -> Axon terminals

Front 18

Input region

Back 18

Contains the dendrites and cell body, receives input from other cells, has clusters of ligand-gated channels called neurotransmitter operated channels

Front 19

Conductile region

Back 19

conducting signals from input region to output region, includes the axon, characterized by ion channels opened by charge/voltage

Front 20

output region

Back 20

includes the axon terminals which contains the vesicles that contain neurotransmitters, it coverts electrical signals to chemical signals

Front 21

When they say the neuron is asymmetrical that means

Back 21

there is one way transmission and there are three distinct parts - input, conductile, and output

Front 22

Retinal ganglion cells

Back 22

Neurons whose cell bodies are located in the retina and whose output regions are in the brain known as the thalamus

Front 23

oligodencroytes

Back 23

responsible for forming the myelin sheaths axons in the CNS.

Front 24

microglialcells

Back 24

cells that are modified microphages in the CNS

Front 25

Schwanncells

Back 25

myelin producing cells in the peripheral nervous system that

envelope only a single axon, and clean up debris after peripheral nerve damage and support regenerationof peripheral nerves

Front 26

astrocytes

Back 26

regulate the concentration of ions, particularly potassium, and it

regulates the concentration of neurotransmitters in the

extracellular space

Front 27

in a resting neuron, what is the ion concentration outside the cell and inside the cell

Back 27

Na+ is high outside the cell and low inside, K+ is high inside but low outside

Front 28

the membrane potential seeks

Back 28

equilibrium potential of the ion whose permeability is dominant

Front 29

Voltage-gated Na+ Channels

Back 29

Depolarize the membrane potential and charge sensitive

Front 30

Voltage-gated K+ Channels

Back 30

Repolarize the membrane potential and charge sensitive

Front 31

Depolarization

Back 31

A change within the membrane potential in which it becomes more positive

Front 32

repolarization

Back 32

a change within the membrane potential in which is becomes more negative

Front 33

What are the three neurotransmitter fates?

Back 33

1) bind to receptor, 2) reuptake into glia 3)enzymatic degradation

Front 34

Synapto Tagmin

Back 34

Protein that binds to calcium

Front 35

Synapse

Back 35

a site where one neuron communicates to another neuron

Front 36

The more K+ channels affects the membrane resistance how?

Back 36

It decreases membrane resistance which decreases the likelihood that a action potential will be generated

Front 37

What are the two main inhibitory neurons

Back 37

GABA (CNS) Glycine (PNS)

Front 38

Temporal Summation

Back 38

potentialsarrive within a narrow enough time window when the potentials can add together

Front 39

Spatial Summation

Back 39

whenpotentials originating in different regions of the dendritic tree or cell bodysummate (if sufficient depolarizingpotentials from different areas of the cell body or dendrite arrive at thetrigger zone and summate, the membrane in the axon may reach threshold and firean action potential

Front 40

The influx of Cl- into the cell does what

Back 40

hyperpolarizes the cell (decreases the likelihood of an action potential)

Front 41

Trigger zone

Back 41

clustersof voltage gated NA channels on the axon near cell body, responsible for actionpotential

Front 42

White matter

Back 42

Conductile regions of the neuron in the CNS

Front 43

gray matter

Back 43

Cell bodies/input region of the neuron

Front 44

Ganglion

Back 44

Collection of cell bodies in the PNS

Front 45

Horns are in what?

Back 45

CNS

Front 46

Roots are in what?

Back 46

PNS

Front 47

anything above the dorsal midline is what

Back 47

Mostly sensory neurons

Front 48

Anything below the midline, in the ventral area is what

Back 48

Mostly motor neurons

Front 49

What is contained in the ventral horn

Back 49

The cell bodies of motor neurons

Front 50

What is contained in the dorsal ganglia

Back 50

the cell bodies of primary afferent neurons

Front 51

Motor neurons release what kind of signal

Back 51

EPSP

Front 52

Sensory neurons release what kind of signal

Back 52

Generator potential

Front 53

Ventral Root

Back 53

The place where the axons of motor neurons exit

Front 54

Dorsal Columns

Back 54

tracts that carry information about light touch and propricoception from the periphery towards the brain

Front 55

The DCML pathway carries information about what?

Back 55

Fine touch, proprioception, and vibration

Front 56

Spinothalamic pathway/Anterolateral pathway

Back 56

Pain, temperature, crude touch (pressure)

Front 57

When is there cross over the midline in the DCML pathway?

Back 57

Dorsal column nuclei

Front 58

When is there cross over the midline in the spinothalamic pathway?

Back 58

At the level it enters the spinal cord

Front 59

When is there cross over in the lateral corticospinal pathway

Back 59

in the desccuation of the pyramids

Front 60

Where is the motor cortex located

Back 60

Precentral Gyrus

Front 61

Where is the somatosensory cortex located

Back 61

Post central gryus

Front 62

Motor unit

Back 62

The lower motor neuron and the muscles it intervates