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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two functions of the respiratory system? |
1) Gas Exchange - 02 in blood, CO2 out of blood 2) Ph regulation |
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Conducting zone's primary role |
Air delivery to alveloi |
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Respiratory system |
contains the alveloi that does gas exchange |
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What does smooth muscle do in the respiratory system |
contract the smooth muscle |
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What does epinephrine do in the respiratory system for smooth muscles |
relaxes smooth muscles |
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Is there sympathetic innervation in the bronchilolar smooth muscle |
No |
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What does epinephrine bind to in the smooth muscle |
B2 receptors |
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Elastic recoil is important because |
ability of the lung elasticity to to allow us to exhale; change in pressured divided by change in volume |
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Compliance |
Ease of filling the lung; change in volume divided by change in pressure; inhale; |
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Emphasema |
Increase in lung compliance, low elastic recoil; can breathe in fine just have a hard time exhaling |
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Fibrostic diseases |
Increase in elastic recoil, low compliance; have a hard time breathing in but can exhale fine |
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Dalton's law |
Total pressure is the sum of partial pressure in a mixed gas |
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Henry's Law |
Gasses go into solution in H20 in proportion to their partial pressures |
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What does the oxygen dissociation curve show us |
It shows the ability of oxygen binding to hemoglobin |
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What does cooperative binding mean? |
The likelihood of another oxygen binding to hemoglobin is increased as more oxygen binds. Once the first oxygen binds to iron, it increases the likelihood of another oxygen binding, and so on |
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The concentration of CO2 in the aveolar is what compared to the atmosphere |
Higher than the atmosphere |
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The concentration of O2 in the aveolar is what compared to the atmosphere |
Less than the atmosphere |
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When we contract the diaphragm we do what to the thoracic cavity? |
Increase the volume in the thoracic cavity |
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Boyle's Law |
p1v1=p2v2; in our case the p1v1 is fixed. It is the outside pressure. Therefore if p2 increases it decreases v2 and vice versa |
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What are the three sources of elasticity in elastic recoil? |
1) Negative pressure in the intrapleural space 2) Surface tension in the alveoli 3) Elastin of alveoli |
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Type 2 phenumocytes |
Secrete surfactant; decrease the surface tension so the alveolus doesn't collapse |
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Type 1 pneumocyte |
form part of the barrier across which gas exchange occurs |
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Visceralpleura
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Mesothelial cells attached to the wall of the lung |
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Partietal pleura |
Mesothelial cells attached to the body wall |
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intrapleuralspace
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filledwith fluid, the slippery nature allows for the lung to move freely each time webreathe in and breathe out
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What is the effect of CO2 and carbonic anhydrase in the lungs? |
HC03- + H+ ---> H2O+ CO2, There is a generation of water and carbon dioxide
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What is the effect of CO2 and carbonic anhydrase in the tissues?
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CO2+ H2O ---> HCO3- + H+, There is a generation of carobnic anhydrase and hydrogen
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When the environment is very acidic/H+ what does that do to hemoglobin? |
Tells it to release o2 |
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What are the two factors that will create a rightward shift on the O2 dissociation curve? |
1. Higher temp 2. Low Ph, more acidic
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What are two factors that will create a leftward shift on 02 dissociation curve? |
1. Lower temper 2. Lower ph, less acidic 3. Bohr effect which is essential 2 |
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A right shift in the O2 dissociation curve means What? |
O2 is less likely/less afinity to bind to hemoglobin |
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The urge to breathe is controlled by what? |
C02, specifically the H+ because Sensory neurons stimulated by H+ drive neurons todrive lower motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord which then drive thediaphragm |
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Larynx |
Has vocal folds which we move to make sound |
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Trachea |
Has a series of hyaline cartilage rings that prevents the soft tissue from collapsing |
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Histamine binds to GPCRs on bronchiolar smooth muscles and does what? |
Causes smooth muscle contraction |
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The B2 receptors on the bronchiolar smooth muscle bind to what and initiate what action? |
Epinephrine; causes smooth muscle relaxation |
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The interpleural space has what kind of pressure compared to the atmosphere which is important because |
Negative pressure with respect to atmosphere; allows the lungs to remain expanded otherwise they would collapse |
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What does the pleural sac secrete? |
Polysaccardies which makes it slippery allowing for the lung to move freely each time we breathe |
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When the diaphragm contracts that does what to the throacic cavity? |
Increase the volume |
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Elastic recoil |
Change in pressure divided by change in volume; exhaling |
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Cooperative binding |
Once the first oxygen bonds with iron, it increases the likelihood of the second one and so on |
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O2 binds to what in the hemoglobin |
Fe; iron |
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The partial pressure in the atmosphere of C02 is what compared to the pressure in the aveolar |
Less than/lower |
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The partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere is what compared to the pressure in the avoeloar |
Greater than/higher |
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What are the three functions of the kidney |
1) Regulate Blood Ph 2) Regulate Osmoality of blood (water/salt balance) 3) Eliminate nitrogenous waste NH3 = Toxic, change it to Urea |
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Epithelium of Bowman's capsule are called |
Podocytes |
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How does the urine leave the body? |
1) Renal calyx collects urine from the kidney 2) Then it drains into the reter into urinary bladder 3) exits out the urethra |
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Which structures are in the renal medulla? |
Ascending loop of nephron, descending loop of nephron, and collecting duct |
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The renal corpsal contains what structures |
1) Bowman's capsule 2) Glomerulus |
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Arterial hydrostatic pressure |
The force produced by blood pressure pushing fluid through the filtration membrane within the glomerulus |
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The glomerulus has what kind of cells |
Fenestrated endothelium (fenstrated means there are large gaps) |
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There is full absorption of what in the proximal convoluted tubule? What are the other ions that get some absorption? |
Glucose and Amino acids = 100% absorbtion H20, Na and Cl |
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What is reabsorbed in the descending loop of nephron? |
Water via aquaporins 1 |
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What are the components of the nephron |
1. Bowman's capsule 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Descending limb of loop of nephron 4. Ascending lumb of loop of nephron 5. Distal convoluted tubule 6. Collecting Duct |
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What kind of transport takes place in the thin and thick segment of the ascending loop of nephron? |
1. Thin segment = passive transport - difussion 2. Thick segment = active - transporters and pumps |
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What all is involved in the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption |
1. Na/ K ATP ase - gets Na out of cell 2. Glut 2 - gets glucose out of cell 3. Na/Glucose co transporter- gets na and glucose into cell 4. Na/AA co transporter - gets Na and AA into cell 5. AA transporters - gets AA out of cell |
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What are the two routes in proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption? |
1. paracellular route - H20 travels through gap junctions to follow Na and CL 2. Transceullar route - use of Na driven cotransporters and facilitated transporters |
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What structures are in the renal cortex? |
1. Bowman's capsule 2. PCT |
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The distal convoluted tubule contains what types of epithelial cells |
1. Apical Na channels (ENAC) 2. Basilar Na/K+ ATPase |
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What does aldosterone do? |
Increases Na if we are low. If they are low, it binds to the receptors on the DCT and puts a lot of Na+ ATPase |
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What does renin do? |
1. Increase blood pressure via angiotensin 2. Increase Thirst 3. tells the adrenal gland to release aldosterone 4. Tells hypothalamus to release vasopressin |
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What does vasopressin do? |
Binds to vasopressin GPCR on the collecting duct to increase the expression of aquaporins to increase blood pressure |
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What does angiotensin 2 do? |
bind to global casculature vasocontstrictor to increase blood pressure |
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What does the Macula Densa do? |
Monitors na concentrations through glomerual filtration rate. Releases adenosine and which acts on the smooth muscles of the afferent arteriole and cause contraction reducing flow which allows for more reabsorption |
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Maltose is a ______ which breaks into the monosaccharides of ______ and ______ |
Disaccharide and breaks into glucose and gluclose |
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Sucrose is a _____ which breaks into the monosaccharides of _____ and ____ |
Disaccharide and breaks into glucose and fructose |
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Lactose is a _________ which breaks into the monosaccharides of _______ and _____ |
Disaccharide and breaks into galactose and gluclose |
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Protein has the polymer of _______ and a monomer of __________ |
Polypeptides and amino acids |
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Fats is the polymer of ____ and the monomer of ____ |
Triglycerides and fatty acids |
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The acinar cells releases what kind of digestive enzymes and what do they break up? |
Lipase - breaks down fats into 2 fatty acid chains and monoglyceride Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates trysinogen and chymotrpysiogen - breaks down amino acids |
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What are the tunics of the stomach |
1. Mucosa - protects the lining of stomach 2. Submucosa - allows for stretch because of elastin 3. Smooth muscle - churn aspect of stomach 4. Serosa |
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Hepatic artery |
Oxygen rich providing O2 to hepatocytes |
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Hepatic portal vein |
Deprived of 02 but nutrient rich |
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Hepatic vein |
carries blood from liver to heart |
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What is the function of bile |
emulsifies fat and neutralizes stomach acid that comes in the small intestine |
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What do hepatocytes do? |
1. Store gluclose by the form of glycogen 2. Bile formation 3. Take up AA from the hepatic portal vein |
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What do the juxtaglomerulus cells do? |
Sense blood pressure. When blood pressure drops it releases renin |
