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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ______ _____ ______ was first invented as an improvement on the scanning tunneling microscope.
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atomic force microscope (AFM)
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Name the two types of atomic force microscopes (AFMs).
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contact and noncontact
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Name the type of AFM that is most commonly used.
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Contact atomic force microscopes - requires that the tip actually touch the sample
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The following are advantages of what type of microscopy?
- produces a 3-D profile without requiring any special treatments that might damage the sample - does not need an expensive vacuum environment |
atomic force microscope (AFM)
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One mechanical means by which cells adapt to their external environments is by changing their internal structure, a process called ___ ________.
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cell deformation
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Much of the current researching involving cell deformation falls into two broad categories. What are they?
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1. mathematical and computer based modeling of the mechanical behavior of cells
2. in vitro biological experiments to determine the internal workings of cell during deformation |
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Name one problem common to researchers studying cell deformation and a way to solve it.
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-the ability to apply a measurable force to cells
- Micropipet Technique: use micropipet of known size, so force applied via pipet is also known |
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___ _______ involves measuring the mechanical properties of cells and the forces involved in cell activation.
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Cell deformation
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Typically _____ _______ is used to monitor, record, and measure the amount of cell deformation in experiments.
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video
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_____ _________ is the rate at which cells grow and divide.
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Cell proliferation
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How can cell proliferation be controlled?
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adding chemicals to the culture or by altering the environmental conditions
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For cancer research, different methods are approached attempting to inhibit ___ __________ in cancerous tissues.
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cell proliferation
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____ __________ is the process during embryonic development when cells become specialized.
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Cell differentiation
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___ _____ refers to the cellular response to the mechanical stresses encountered in the body.
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Cell shear
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The most common way of testing and measuring cell shear is by the cone and plate method.
Explain how this is done. |
Blood placed in between flat horizontal plate and a cone shaped surface.
As the cone shaped surface is rotated at a constant speed the blood is subjected a linear shear force due to the viscosity of the blood resisting movement. Shear stress measured by equation. |
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The _____ ______ is the measure by degrees of how far above a solid surface we observe the outer layer of a drop of liquid.
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contact angle
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The contact angle method is used for determining what?
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absorption
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Contact Angle Method:
If theta is equal to zero, the surface is purely ______, and the liquid will almost completely absorb into the surface. |
hydrophilic
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Contact Angle Method:
If theta is greater than 90 degrees, the surface is _______ and the liquid on the top of the surface will bead into spherical drops. |
hydrophobic
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Name the three ways to measure the contact angle.
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1. directly measure the angle (by use of a microscope or protractor)
2. measurements of the drop's size and use trig identities to determine angle's value 3. if surface tension known, use formula |
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__________ _________ _______ is a technique used to analyze the effect of heating on different polymers.
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Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
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____ ________ is the amount of heat needed to get a certain temperature increase.
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Heat capacity
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The DSC plot is a plot of _____ vs. ________.
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heat vs. temperature
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Name characteristics that can be observed from the DSC plot.
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amount of crystalline and amorphous character
melting crystallization |
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___________ is the measure of the change in polarization state of light and is primarily useful for the measurement of thickness and refractive index n of semiconductor materials.
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Ellipsometry
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Name the 3 elements that make up an ellipsometer.
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laser, polarizer, quarter wave plate
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A form of ellipsometry that is used for medical use is called __ _____ ellipsometry. It is useful for measuring the growth of a thin film.
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in situ
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Give three reasons why ellipsometry is a useful tool.
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1. does not damage surface of the material it is measuring
2. has very basic set-up 3. produces quick results |
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_________ is the process in which fluorophores absorb light and emit light of a different wavelength.
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Fluorescence
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Fluorescence microscopy combines what two applications?
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optical microscopy and fluorescence
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The term "monochromatic" light means what? It is needed for fluorescence microscopy.
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single wavelength
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________ __________ is a technique used to identify different substances by analyzing the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Infrared spectroscopy
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Infrared spectroscopy can be used to gather information about what?
This is because various types of bonds and functional groups absorb the infrared radiation at different wavelengths. |
The structure of a particular compound
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____ _______ is the general method for measuring the size of molecules while ______ ___________ _________ measures the amount of the time it takes the molecule to diffuse a distance.
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Light scattering is the general method for measuring the size of molecules while photon correlation spectroscopy measures the amount of the time it takes the molecule to diffuse a distance.
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Name the two types of light scattering devices.
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dynamic light scattering
static light scattering |
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Photon correlation spectroscopy is also known as _______ _______ __________ and is used to determine the diffusion constant of the molecules.
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dynamic light scattering
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Optogenetics is a branch of __________.
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neuropsychology
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_______ is a method that controls events in specific cells of living tissue through the use of genetics and optics.
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Optogenetics
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________ is Nature Magazine's 2010 scientific method of the year.
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Optogenetics
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There is research being conducted using __________ on Autism, Schizophrenia, drug abuse, anxiety, and depression.
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optogenetics
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_______ is the increase concentration of a substance at the surface of a substrate. In other words, it is the adhesion of molecules to a surface.
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Adsorption
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Define protein adsorption.
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the interaction of proteins with solid sufaces
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______ _______ is something to consider w/ the implantation of biomaterials or engineered tissues, because this interaction may lead to an inflammatory response aimed at destroying the foreign materials.
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Protein adsorption
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For a single protein solution, the rate of adsorption to the substrate depends upon _____ of the protein to the substrate.
The 4 mechanisms are diffusion, thermal convection, flow convection, and combined convection-diffusion. |
transport
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_____ allows one to identify the position and movement of a particle of interest.
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Radiolabeling
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Radiolabeling is commonly used in structural or functional imaging?
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functional
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Isotopes undergo _______ _____ and release subatomic particles, which can be detected in the method of radiolabeling.
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radioactive decay
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______ ___________ is a method of analyzing and identifying material structures based on the way the light scatters in the light scattering technique.
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Raman spectroscopy
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Raman scattering is a type of inelastic scattering. What is inelastic scattering?
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means that energy is lost, so that the scattered light has different frequency than the incident light
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The purpose of ______ ________ is to provide a fingerprint by which many chemical molecules can be identified due to the vibrational frequencies it obtains.
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Raman spectroscopy
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Name the three major types of Raman spectroscopy.
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Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) |
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______ _________ _________ provides electron generated three-dimensional images of samples that are viewed on a two-dimensional surface.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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Name the five basic components of the scanning electron microscope.
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electron gun
lenses of the microscope sample chamber detectors vacuum chamber |
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Regarding the scanning electron microscope, the vacuum chamber is:
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the entire area in which the electron beam passes; required to prevent interference from air particles and other disturbances
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What does SIMS stand for?
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Secondary-Ion Mass Spectroscopy
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____ instruments direct primary high energy ions onto a sample material to cause sputtering, or ejection of secondary ions.
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SIMS
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______ ____ ______ _______ is used to analyze trace elements in solid surfaces.
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Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
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List the 5 parts the make up the SIMS machine.
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primary beam source
target sample method used used to collect secondary ions mass analyzer ion detection system |
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The following are advantages to using what kind of instrumentation?
does not require vaporization of the sample; requires very little amount of sample material to be tested, can determine elements in very small concentrations in the sample |
SIMS
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______ _________ ________ uses an electron microscopy that produces 3D images on an atomic level by using the electron tunneling effect.
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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
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Regarding STM, the ______ ________ ____ occurs when voltage is applied between a metallic probe tip and the surface of the sample at a fixed distance from each other. When these electrons pass across the gap between 2 conducting surfaces, a tunneling current will develop.
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electron tunneling effect
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List a couple reasons why STM may provide inaccurate results.
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measurements such as distance between probe and surface of the sample as well as the diameter of the probe tip - these may be slightly off
unstable temperatures, environment w/ vibrations a not very conductive sample |
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A ________ ______ _______ is used for viewing images at higher resolutions than light microscopes.
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transmission electron microscope
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List the 5 major components and their corresponding functions of TEM.
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Vacuum System: creates lower pressure
Specimen Stage: meshed area where specimen is place Electron Gun: creates beam of electrons that exit the assembly at a given angle Electron Lens: focuses parallel rays of light at constant focal length Apertures: reduces beam intensity |
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What are the 3 imaging methods of TEM?
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contrast formation, diffraction, and 3D imaging
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___ uses slices of sample to show the internal structures of a specimen.
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TEM
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What does TIRF stand for?
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscope
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____ is able to overcome the problems faced by the standard fluorescence microscope.
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TIRF
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TIRF is relevant to what equation?
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Snell's law (shows that light traveling through a medium of a higher refractive index to that of a lower refractive index is able to make the refracted light beam remain in the higher medium)
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Name the spectroscopy method.
based on the photoelectric effect used for the study of the surfaces of solids, properties of atoms, molecules and solids |
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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In X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, _____ result with different kinetic energies according to their orbital position.
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photoelectrons
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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) can identify all of the elements except _______ and _____.
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hydrogen and helium
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