Bmd Lab Test Final

Front 1

1. What is the most frequently ordered urine test?

Back 1

1) Urinalysis

Front 2

2. What is urinalysis used for?

Back 2

1) Evaluate KD renal function
2) Drug test

Front 3

3. What are the normal findings of urinalysis?

Back 3

1) Negative
2) Appearance is clear
3) Color is amber yellow
4) Odor is aromatic
5) PH is slight acidic 4.6-8.0 and average is 6.0
6) Protein is 0-8mg/dl, 50-80 mg/24 hr (at rest), <250 mg/24 hr (during exercise)
7) Leukocyte is negative (positive is cystitis)
8) Nitrites are none (present is cystitis)
9) Keytones are none
10) Bilirubin is none
11) Urobilinogen is .01-1 Ehrlich units/ml
12) Glucose is a random specimen and negative/24 hr specimen @ <5.g/day
13) Microscopic examination of urine sediment
• NO Crystals, casts, WBC casts, RBC casts
• WBC is 0-4 per low power field
• RBC is <_ 2 per low power field

Front 4

4. What do leukocyte esterase and nitrites present in the urine suggest?

Back 4

1) Cystitis, UTI

Front 5

5. What does the microscopic examination of urine sediment include?

Back 5

1) Crystals
2) Casts
3) WBC and RBC casts

Front 6

6. What are the urine culture and sensitivity used for?

Back 6

1. UTI infection (Positive is > 10,000 bacteria)

Front 7

7. What can the stool tests detect?

Back 7

1) Fecal Fat
2) Parasites
3) Occult blood

Front 8

8. What does the excessive amount of fats in the stool indicate?

Back 8

1) Maldigestion/malabsorption

Front 9

9. What is the stool culture used for?

Back 9

1) Culture and sensitivity or C&S
2) For ova and parasites or O&P

Front 10

10. When is the stool for occult blood ordered?

Back 10

a. Abdominal pain, hidden blood and to rule out colon cancer
b. Routine screening test for people over age 50

Front 11

11. What are the indications of ECG?

Back 11

1) Heart conditions
2) Electrolyte abnormalities
K+level, drug level, pulmonary diseases

Front 12

12. What are the indications of EEG?

Back 12

1)Seizures, brain tumors, infarction
2) Brain death

Front 13

13. What are the indications of EMG?

Back 13

Electromyography
1) Muscle disorders or weakness
2) Neurological pathologies …nerves

Front 14

14. What are the indications of ENG?

Back 14

Electronystagmography
1) Evaluate patients with vertigo
Central: Cerebellum, brainstem, 8th cranial nerve
Peripheral: vestibulocochlear pathologic conditions
2) Identify the site of a lesion

Front 15

15. What are the indications of nerve conduction studies and evoked potential studies?

Back 15

1) Evoked potential studies (EP)- patients with a sensory deficit unable to indicate a stimulus…Muscular weakness sensory test
2) Nerve conduction studies (Electroneurography)-
to identify nerve injury in patients with localized weakness
differentiate primary peripheral nerve disease from muscular injury
document the severity of injury in legal cases
to monitor the nerve injury in response to treatment

Front 16

16. What is Holter monitoring? What are its indications?

Back 16

1) Portable ECG (electrocardiograph machine)24 hours a day

Front 17

17. What is cardiac stress testing? What are its indications?

Back 17

1) Cardiac stress testing - exercise stress testing (treadmill test)
2) Indications are:
• used to evaluate chest pain in patients with suspected coronary artery disease
• determine the limits of safe exercise in maintaining good physical fitness during a cardiac rehab program
• detect labile or exercise related hypertension
• detect intermittent claudication in patients who take antianginal or antirrythmic medications
• Evaluate the effectiveness of cardiac intervention (eg. Bypass grafting or angiography)

Front 18

18. What are NST, CST, and OCT used for?

Back 18

1) NST – non-stress test
2) CST – contraction stress test
3) OCT – oxytocin challenge test

Front 19

19. What structures can be viewed by a bronchoscope?

Back 19

1) Bronchi
2) Larynx
3) trachea

Front 20

20. What is the difference between colposcopy and hysteroscopy?

Back 20

1) Hysteroscopy –uterus, endometrial cavity, women who already have a abnormal pap smear
2) Colposcopy – vagina and cervix, to evaluate if there is an abnormal pap smear

Front 21

21. What is the difference between colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy?

Back 21

1) Sigmoidoscopy is:
Visual for routine colorectal screening (50 years old) of both sigmoid colon and rectum
2) Colonoscopy is:
rectum,
colon,
small intestines,
occult blood in stool,
check post colorectal cancer, IBD or polyposis

Front 22

22. What structures can be viewed by a cystoscope? What are its indications?

Back 22

1) Urethra, Bladder, Lower ureters
2) Indications are used for:
Hematuria,
UTI
Urinary things
Biopsy
Treat these conditions

Front 23

23. What structures can be viewed by a gastroscope? What are its indications?

Back 23

1) Stomach, esophagus, duodenum
2) Dysphagia, Weight loss, poor digestion, upper abdominal dysfunction, alcoholism, conditions suggested by barium swallow

Front 24

24. What is laparoscopy? What are its indications?

Back 24

1) Used to directly view Abdominal pelvic organs
2) Indications are for:
Pain,
Mass,
Diseases to confirm endometriosis, appendectomy, hernia, others

Front 25

25. To confirm the diagnosis of endometriosis, which endoscopic examination is required?

Back 25

1) hysteroscopy

Front 26

26. What are the differences among conventional radiography, contrast radiography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and sonography?

Back 26

1) Conventional radiography – lung, fat, heart, bone
2) Contrast radiography – injection of barium, air or medium to accentuate boundaries
Used in
1. Conventional X-ray
2. Tomography
3. MRI
3) Computerized tomography – same as traditional but highly sensitive gas or crystal detectors are used to pick up the X-rays passing thru tissue
Sagittal section of body image
Coronal sections image
3 dimensional image
4) Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI – rapidly spinning protons align and a computer is used to image
Does not use X-rays
Higher resolution than tomography
5) Sonography – ultrasound sound waves and in contact with skin and using a computer to process echoes to produce acoustic picture
B-real time
M-mode – echocardiography
Doppler – detection of fetal heart beat

Front 27

27. What are the limitations of the use of ultrasound?

Back 27

1) Bone, lung, and bowel studies due to the fact that calcified substances and air absorb ultrasound

Front 28

28. What is the most commonly obtained X-ray study in radiology?

Back 28

1) chest

Front 29

29. What are the indications of the chest X-rays?

Back 29

1) Lung
2) Heart for enlargement (not for heart attack)
3) Bony thorax for Fractures
4) Mediastinum
5) Great vessels of the heart

Front 30

30. What X-ray studies use barium as the contrast medium?

Back 30

1) Upper GI tract or UGI

Front 31

31. What are the indications of upper GI series?

Back 31

1) Indications are:
Upper abdominal pain
Dyspepsia
Dysphagia
Early satiety
Suspected gastroduodenal obstruction

Front 32

32. What are the indications of lower GI series?

Back 32

1) Abdominal pain(contradicted in acute cases)
2) Occult blood in stools
3) IBD
4) Suspected bowel or abdominal cancer
5) Volvulus or colon obstruction

Front 33

33. What are the indications of bone X-rays?

Back 33

1) Fractures
2) Infection
3) Arthritis
4) Tendonitis
5) Bone spurs
6) Growth and development in children
7) Bone tumors

Front 34

34. What are the indications of mammography?

Back 34

1) Screening for a history or risk to breast cancer

Front 35

35. What is DEXA used for?

Back 35

1) Osteoporosis (bone density scan)

Front 36

36. What is HSG used for?

Back 36

1) Hysteriosalipingography or HSG – evaluate for infertility and obstruction of the fallopian tubes

Front 37

37. What is IVP used for?

Back 37

1) Urinary system: KD, uterus, bladder, for stones

Front 38

38. What are the commonly used radionuclides? List 4 examples.

Back 38

1) Technetium
2) Gallium
3) Thallium
4) iodin

Front 39

39. What nuclear medicine studies can be used to detect cancer metastasis?

Back 39

1) Bone, Liver, Brain
2) Gallbladder
3) Cerebral brain
4) Gastric empting
5) GI bleeding
6) Lung
7) Renal
8) Cardiac
9) Thyroid
10) Scrotal
11) Breast

Front 40

40. In what medical fields is PET scan widely used?

Back 40

1) Neurology
2) Cardio
3) Oncology