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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the cell bodies for the cochleae nerve? |
Spiral ganglia of the middle ear |
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Where does the lateral lemniscus terminate? |
Most terminate in the brachium of the inferior colliculi -These then run to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus |
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What are the boundaries of the middle ear? |
Lateral- tympanic membrane Medial- inner ear Anterior-auditory tube Posterior- mastoid air cells Inferior- floor of tympanic cavity (close to internal carotid and internal jugular bulb) Superior-tegmen tympani |
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What reflexively activates that tensor tympani and stapedius muscles? What Innervates these? |
Tensor tympani (V3)- activated by sudden contact to face *Protects ossicles during head trauma Stapedius (VII)- activates during loud sound -Protects hair cells from damage |
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What is the chorda tympani and where does it run? |
Branch of CNVII that carries GVE fibers for most glands of the head (except parotid) and SA fibers for the tongue Route: -Loops anteriorly between malleus and incus (medial to tympanic membrane) -Exits via the petrotympanic fissure |
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What sensory innervation does CN IX supply to the middle ear? |
Inner part of tympanic membrane Mastoid air cells Auditory tube |
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What is the pyramid of the middle ear? |
Small bony elevation that houses the stapedius muscle |
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What gives rise to the lesser petrosal nerve? Where does it run? |
Branch of CN IX 1. Leaves petrous temporal bone through the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve 2. Traverses the groove of the LPN 3. Exits via the foramen ovale (along with V3) 4. Synapses on the otic ganglion Note: lesser petrosal nerve is pre-ganglionic parasympathetic, otic ganglion are post-ganglionic *Otic ganglia then innervate the parotid gland |
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What neurotransmitter do UMNs in the primary motor cortexuse? |
Glutamate |
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Who are the decision makers and planners in the motorcortex? |
Decision maker (executive)- lateral prefrontral cortex Planners- pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex |
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When do the axons of the red nucleus cross? |
-Immediately (in the midbrain) |
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What does the red nucleus do? |
-Postural setting of upper limbs (flexion at elbow joints) *Used when retrieving objects with hands |
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What is the orientation of cranial nerve BE fibers to GSEfibers? |
BE fibers are always lateral |
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What is the nucleus ambiguus and what does it do? |
BE nucleus that sends fibers laterally into CN IX and X to supply: -Swallowing and breathing muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and palate Note: usually receives bilateral cortical supply via corticobulbar fibers |
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Where do rubrospinal fibers run in the spinal cord? |
-Along the anterolateral edge of the lateral corticospinal tracts *In the lateral column |
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Where do reticulospinal fibers run in the spinal cord? |
-In the ventral column |
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Where do the vestibulospinal fibers run in the spinal cord? |
In the ventral column |
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Where do the vestibulospinal fibers run in the spinal cord? |
In the ventral column |
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Where do the ventral corticospinal fibers run in the spinalcord? |
In the ventral column |
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What descending fibers modulate the medial nuclei of thespinal cord? |
-Ventral corticospinal tract -Reticulospinal tract -Vestibulospinal tract *All found within the ventral column Note: these all mainly help control the trunk and proximallimb muscles |
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What descending fibers modulate the lateral motor nuclei of thespinal cord? |
-Lateral corticospinal tract
-Rubrospinal tract
Note: both of these are found in the lateral column |
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What are the cerebellar peduncles mainly responsible for? |
Inferior- receives input from vestibulocerebellar, body surface/muscle receptors, inferior olivary nucleus *Sends output to brainstem UMNs (vestibular and reticular nuclei) Middle- receives input from pontine nuclei Superior- sends output to UMN systems (cerebral cortex (SMA) after synapsing in thalamus; red nucleus) |
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Which cerebellar lobe includes the tonsils? |
Posterior lobe |
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What is Dandy Walker syndrome? |
... |
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What parts of the cerebellum are associated with the spinocerebellar tract? What do these do? |
Vermis (median zon) and medial hemisphere (paramedian zone) Adjusts smooth movements for: Proximal limbs (median zone) Distal limbs (paramedian zone) |
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What parts of the cerebellum are associated with the cerebrocerebellum tract? What do these do? |
Lateral hemispheres *Involved in motor planning |
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What parts of the cerebellum are associated with the vestibulocerebellar tract? What do these do? |
Floccuonodular lobe *Balance and eye movements |
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What info do the dentate, interposed, and fastigial nuclei receive? |
Dentate- cerebrocerebellum (most lateral) Interposed- paramedian zone of spinocerebellum (distal limbs) Fastigial- vestibulocerebellum AND vermis of spinocerebellum (proximal limbs) |
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How do the inferior olivary nuclei send projections to the cerebellum? |
Through the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle *Synapse on contralateral cerebellum |
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What cerebellar nucleus interacts with the reticulospinal tract? |
Fastigial nucleus *Sends axons to reticular formation, which influences LMNs of the reticulospinal tract |
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Where does the reticulospinal tract originate? |
Reticular formation of pons and medulla (NOT the midbrain) |
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What cerebellar nuclei send projections through the superior cerebellar peduncles? Where do they terminate? |
-Interposed and dentate nuclei send fibers through the contralateral superior cerebellar peduncle -Will terminate in red nuclei (cerebellorubral fibers) or thalamus (cerebellothalamic fibers) *Terminate on ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus |
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What part of the thalamus receives fibers from the cerebellum? Where do they go from there? |
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus *Goes to pre-motor and primary motor cortices from there |
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Walking a straight line |
Assesses ataxia |
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Heel-to-shin |
Lower limb ataxia |
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Finger-to-nose |
Asynergy of movement Intention tremor |
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Rapid alternating movements |
Dysdiadochokinesis |
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Stretch reflex |
Hypotonia |
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Eyeballs follow finger |
Eyeball oscillation or nystagmus |
