Blue Book Questions Mouse 3 Part 3

Front 1

What are the basic clinical signs of the epi-epi mouse and how is it treated?

Back 1

Clinical signs at 2-3 weeks; it is runted with yellow fat feces, no trypsin activity in pancreatic juice. Treatment with pancreatic enzyme replacement.

Front 2

What is the difference between human and mouse liver alkaline phosphatase?

Back 2

In mouse a manganese-requiring isoenzyme that is not affected by neuraminidase which is different than that in humans.

Front 3

What is the approximate liver blood flow of the mouse?

Back 3

0.35 ml/min/gm of liver

Front 4

The mouse is a poor animal model for the study of liver function. True or False.

Back 4

False. It is a good model

Front 5

The mouse is an excellent model for the study of senile changes in hepatic cells. True or false. Why or why not?

Back 5

True. Changes in hepatic cells in senile mice are similar to changes in human > 65 years of age with conspicuous findings in the nuclei

Front 6

Mice and rats are refractory to cholesterol in the diet. True or False.

Back 6

True

Front 7

What happens to the gut wall between days 19 & 22 postnatally?

Back 7

The gut wall doubles in thickness

Front 8

What is the unusual about the lamina propria between muscularis mucosa and lining epithelium in the gut in the rat and mouse?

Back 8

Its absent

Front 9

Brunners glands in the mouse have both serous and mucus glands. In this it resembles the ____ and the ___ whereas the cat has no serous or mucus cells.

Back 9

Rabbit, horse

Front 10

There is a spontaneous secretion from Brunners glands except in what animal? Feeding increases Brunners gland secretion except in what animal?

Back 10

Cat, rabbit

Front 11

Which animal uses more oxygen/kilogram/hour: the mouse or the elephant?

Back 11

Mouse

Front 12

Why do feral mice have a higher metabolism rate than lab mice?

Back 12

Because of the relative inactivity of the lab mouse.

Front 13

If the mechanical work of lifting 1 gram of tissue is the same for the mouse and horse, why then is the increase in metabolism rate for running up a hill in a mouse 1/13 that for a horse?

Back 13

Because the mouse uses 13 times oxygen /gram of tissue than the horse.

Front 14

Name a strain of mouse that has a high metabolism rate.

Back 14

Japanese Waltzing mice

Front 15

Name a strain of mouse that has a lower metabolism rate, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, obese, no ketosis and resistent to insulin.

Back 15

The obese mouse ... C57BL/6J - ob/ob

Front 16

Obese mouse has increased or decreased resistance to cold exposure.

Back 16

Decreased

Front 17

A9-THC causes hyperthermia / hypothermia in laboratory animals.

Back 17

Hypothermia

Front 18

Why is a maintenance of constant body temperature a problem in mice?

Back 18

Because of large body surface to mass ratio.

Front 19

Below what temperature does BMR become affected?

Back 19

18.5oC ... 65oF

Front 20

What is the lower lethal limit of temperature for the adult mouse?

Back 20

9oC ... 48oF

Front 21

Do mice acclimate well to decreased temperature? What produces non-shivering thermogenesis (NST)?

Back 21

Yes. Brown fat and skeletal muscle produces NST

Front 22

Which can survive at a lower temperature: adult or young mouse? Why?

Back 22

Young. Because of protective action of brown fat. Young is an ectotherm until about 20 days of age.

Front 23

The mouse chooses to consume food rich in carbohydrates or fat to retain energy?

Back 23

Carbohydrates. The rat will choose fat.

Front 24

How do mice adapt to an increase in temperature?

Back 24

Decrease metabolism rate; increase body temperature; Develop highly vascularized ears and longer tails (increase surface area for heat loss)

Front 25

The mouse has a high or low heat tolerance?

Back 25

Low

Front 26

Mice depend primarily on ______ for thermolysis. They have ____ sweat glands and cannot pant. They do or do not salivate. Does increasing the respiration rate help?

Back 26

Radiation, no sweat glands, do salivate, increase respiration rate is not enough to help.

Front 27

How does the mouse tend to increase temperature?

Back 27

Behavioral mechanisms; i.e. burrowing, seeking shade, etc.

Front 28

Fever and hyperthermia are synonymous. True or False.

Back 28

False. Fever is caused by pyrogens, etc. Hyperthermia includes fever as well as heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, over exertion in heat, failure of heat dissipating mechanisms.

Front 29

What organ produces renin, kallikrein, prostoglandins, and 1,25 OH Vitamin D3?

Back 29

Kidney

Front 30

The mouse has 2 times or 1/2 the kidney mass of the rat per gram of body weight?

Back 30

2 times

Front 31

PGE2 is a vasodilator for renal blood flow in most mammals. In the rat its a vasoconstrictor. True or False.

Back 31

True

Front 32

How much urine does the mouse produce in 24 hours?

Back 32

0.5 - 1.0 ml

Front 33

Mice excrete a large amount of protein in their urine compared to other mammals. True or False.

Back 33

True

Front 34

Which sex of mice excretes more protein?

Back 34

Male

Front 35

Of the amino acids found in protein in urine, _____ is always absent and ____ is always present.

Back 35

Tryptophan is always absent; Taurine is always present.

Front 36

The mouse differs from other mammals in having ____ as a normal excretion.

Back 36

Creatinine

Front 37

Would you expect mannitol clearance in the mouse kidney to be higher or lower than other animals and man? Why?

Back 37

Higher. Because compared on a body weight basis with the rat, the mouse has twice the kidney mass and 4.8 times the number of glomeruli.

Front 38

A complex autoimmune disease resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans is described in what strain of mouse?

Back 38

NZB

Front 39

Direct immunofluoroscopy of the skin is a reliable test for SLE in humans. Is it reliable for mice?

Back 39

No

Front 40

Drinking in mice increases or decreases as protein intake increases.

Back 40

Increased

Front 41

Do mice have sensible water loss? Why or Why not?

Back 41

No. Because no sweat glands (except for the foot pad)

Front 42

4/5 of mice water loss is from where?

Back 42

Respiration

Front 43

Therefore, is it good or bad that mice do lack much of a breathing response to high temperature? Why?

Back 43

Its good because they conserve moisture by not breathing much

Front 44

What is the principal fuel for brain metabolism?

Back 44

Glucose

Front 45

Is the blood flow increased or decreased in the brain in the mouse compared to other mammals?

Back 45

Increase

Front 46

The olfactory bulbs are involved in the mediation of ___ behavior in the mouse.

Back 46

Social

Front 47

What mouse strains are models for muscular dystrophy?

Back 47

C57BL/6J/dy2J and C57BL/6J/dy. Both are mutant mouse strains.

Front 48

Mice are deaf at birth. True or False.

Back 48

True

Front 49

What is the Pryer reflex?

Back 49

Twitching of the pinna in response to sound

Front 50

How long after birth do mice hear?

Back 50

3 weeks

Front 51

When do the eyes of mice open after birth?

Back 51

14 days

Front 52

The earliest red cell forms are derived from what portion of the yolk sac?

Back 52

The blood islands

Front 53

At what day of gestation does the fetal mouse begin making its own RBC's (hemopoiesis) and where?

Back 53

12 days of gestation. In the liver.

Front 54

When do the spleen and bone marrow take over hemopoiesis?

Back 54

Spleen at 15 - 16th day of gestation. Bone marrow not long before birth ... approximately the 16th day of gestation

Front 55

In contrast to human, the levels of Hgb and Hct are slightly higher or lower in the newborn mouse than in the adult?

Back 55

Lower

Front 56

Are fetal RBC's larger or smaller than adult RBC's?

Back 56

Larger

Front 57

What is a non-genetic cause of transient neonatal anemia? ╩ The mean RBC volume is increased or decreased rapidly after the neonatal period and reaches adult size by weaning. Why?

Back 57

Bleeding into abdominal cavity at site of umbilicus from female not biting off cord properly or unusual friability of neonatal tissue.

Front 58

In the adult mouse what are the 2 hemopoietic organs? Which is the major one?

Back 58

Spleen and bone marrow. Spleen is the major one.

Front 59

What 2 bones contain 90 -96% of the medullary space?

Back 59

Femur and vertebral column

Front 60

What is the main site of RBC destruction?

Back 60

Spleen

Front 61

What happens if after a splenectomy a few spleen cells are seeded into peritoneal cavity?

Back 61

These cells can grow to reproduce virtually a new spleen

Front 62

After lethal irradiation stem cells are killed. The mouse dies from ______ (decreased platelets), _____ (decreased WBC), or _______ (decreased RBC).

Back 62

Hemorrhage, infection, anemia

Front 63

How can this type of death be prevented in mice?

Back 63

By injection of compatible stem cells from normal donors

Front 64

What fact about mice has fostered transplantation studies?

Back 64

There are readily available inbred strains

Front 65

Megakaryocytes (made by the megakaryoblast) are precursors from what type of cell?

Back 65

Platelet

Front 66

Myeloblast are precursors to what type of cell?

Back 66

WBC's ... Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, etc.

Front 67

Is the mouse RBC bigger, smaller or the same size as human RBC's? Hgb concentration?

Back 67

Smaller, Hgb similar; therefore MCHC is similar

Front 68

Is MCHC or MCV in the mouse less or more than human values?

Back 68

MCV ... Mean Corpuscular Volume MCV is lower compared to MCH

Front 69

What is the life span of the mouse RBC's?

Back 69

40 - 50 days

Front 70

What is the blood volume approximately in the adult mouse?

Back 70

Approximately 6ml/100 grams of mouse

Front 71

WBC is influenced by sex; which sex has a significantly higher count?

Back 71

Male

Front 72

Does the mouse have more lymphocytes or neutrophils?

Back 72

Lymphocytes

Front 73

What are production enzymes? Linkage enzymes?

Back 73

Production enzymes are produced from changes in the rate of enzyme synthesis and changes in the number of enzyme producing cells. Leakage enzymes reflect alterations in cell membrane functions.

Front 74

What enzyme is Aspartate aminotransferase equivalent to?

Back 74

SGOT

Front 75

If AST or SGOT is thought to be of hepatic injury, what other enzyme should be run?

Back 75

SGPT

Front 76

What if AST is thought to be of muscular origin, what other enzyme should be run?

Back 76

Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) activity

Front 77

Is AST or SGOT leakage or production enzyme?

Back 77

Leakage

Front 78

What enzyme is alanine aminotransferase (ALT) comparable to? Leakage or production enzyme?

Back 78

SGPT. Leakage enzyme

Front 79

Is ALT liver specific?

Back 79

No

Front 80

What is Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase (OCT)?

Back 80

Hepatic leakage enzyme. Specific. Not routinely done.

Front 81

What is LDH? What organ? Specific?

Back 81

Lactic dehydrogenase. Hepatic enzyme. Not specific

Front 82

How many isoenzymes does LDH have?

Back 82

5

Front 83

What organ does alkaline phosphate indicate? Specific? Production or leakage?

Back 83

Hepatic production enzyme. Does not occur in hepatocellular damage without significant secondary cholestasis.

Front 84

Serum proteins, except immunoglobulin, are made by liver. True or False.

Back 84

True

Front 85

If albumin decreases, is this indicative of early or late hepatic disease? Why?

Back 85

Decreased albumin does not become evident until hepatic function has become severely compromised by hepatic disease or injury. Because of vast reserve capacity of liver.

Front 86

Hypoproteinemia is most often a reflection of hypoalbuminemia? True or False

Back 86

True

Front 87

What 3 problems would cause hypoproteinemia?

Back 87

Hemorrhage, parasitism, starvation

Front 88

Why would hypoproteinemia result in edema and ascites?

Back 88

Because plasma proteins contribute significantly to the osmotic pressure of plasma

Front 89

Hyperproteinemia is most often caused by what?

Back 89

Dehydration

Front 90

BSP clearance is a test for what?

Back 90

Hepatic function

Front 91

What does BSP bind to?

Back 91

Albumin

Front 92

Increased levels of bilirubin may represent what 2 problems?

Back 92

Increase in rate of heme catabolism such as occurs in hemolytic anemia, hemolytic uterus or interference with hepatic or biliary excretion (hepatic icterus)

Front 93

What is the Van den Bergh test?

Back 93

Test to determine direct (conjugated) and indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin in serum.

Front 94

How can you differentiate a hepatic or hemolytic icterus without Van den Bergh's test?

Back 94

Run Hct, Hgb, and RBC counts. These will decrease if hemolytic icterus. Last there may be polychromasia and reticulosis if enough time has elapsed. Or run hepatic leakage enzymes (OCT, ALT, ALT, ALP)

Front 95

Decreased albumin from hepatic or renal disease would cause decreased or increased calcium? Why?

Back 95

Decrease calcium because much of it is protein bound

Front 96

CPK has a high specificity for what 2 tissues?

Back 96

Brain and muscle

Front 97

An increase in _____ or azotemia does not occur until ____ % of the ______ mass has been compromised by injury.

Back 97

BUN, 20 - 75%. Kidney

Front 98

Name some causes of pre-renal azoturia?

Back 98

Decreased cardiac output causing decreased renal perfusion. Increased protein catabolism from necrosis, gastric or upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage or fever

Front 99

Post renal azotemia are mostly due to what?

Back 99

Obstructive processes

Front 100

Creatinine is an end product of _____ metabolism.

Back 100

Muscle

Front 101

Creatinine is not metabolically active and is largely excreted in ______.

Back 101

Urine

Front 102

Proteinemia is a common finding in a number of strains. True or False.

Back 102

True

Front 103

Which sex mouse excrete more protein in urine?

Back 103

Male

Front 104

Amylase in mice is found predominately in what 2 glands?

Back 104

Pancreas and parotid salivary glands

Front 105

What are autochthonous and allochthonous microbes?

Back 105

Autochthonous microbes live in their little own niche of a habitat. Allochthonous microbes move from habitat to habitat

Front 106

99.9% of bacteria in gastrointestinal tract are obligate anaerobes.

Back 106

True

Front 107

Infant mice are free of all bacteria in utero and only being exposed in birth canal and in nest environment. True or False.

Back 107

True

Front 108

What bacteria is responsible for establishing normal arrangement of microbial colonies in the stomach?

Back 108

Lactobacilli

Front 109

What is Torulopsis pinolepsii?

Back 109

Yeast which colonizes in stomach of mice and is controlled by lactobacilli

Front 110

Where is the largest concentration of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract? What type of bacteria are the primary type?

Back 110

Cecum and large intestine

Front 111

Bacteria attach to the gastrointestinal cells in 2 ways: by altering or not altering host epithelial cell ultrastructure. Which type occurs here? Stomach? Small intestine? Large intestine?

Back 111

Fusiform - shaped bacteria. Genera Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium