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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 functions of blood
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--distribute nutrients dissolved gases hormones and enzymes
--transport metabolic waste to the kidney --transport cells involved in defense --regulates temperature, stores and actively redestibrutes heat --stabilizes pH and electrolyte composition, acts as a buffer --prevents fluid losses when vessels are damaged |
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How many L of blood does an adult have, and of that, how many is plasma and how many is RBC
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5L total, 3L is plasma, 2.5 is RBC
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Blood pH is what? Blood TEmperature is what?
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7.35, 38C
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What is plasma, what is it responsible for?
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--BUnch of organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water, 92% water
--Responsible for all of blood functions --Similar in ion conttent to ur interstitial fluid, but has higher dissolved O2 and lower Co2 which facilitates movement of gases into and out of blood |
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What % is plasma proteins of plasma. What are the 3 plasma proteins
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--7% of plasma composition
1.) albumins: 60% of plasma proteins, contribute to osmotic pressure. Transport fatty cids and steroid hormones. Are smallest and made in liver 2.) Immunoglobulins: 35% of plasma proteins, transports hormones 3.) Fibrinogens: make up 4% of plasma proteins. Largest protein and essential for clotting |
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What are formed elements? What is the phrase never let monkeys eat bananas?
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--Mostly red blood cells
--50-70, 1-4, 0.1-0.3, 2-8, 20-40 |
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Whats the total # of platelets in blood?
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250,000 per mm cubed
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Brief overview of RBC's
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--1000 RBCS: 1WBC, 1 microliter of blood has 5.4 million RBC's
--Entire body has 25 trillion --Major function to carry dissolved gases --7microns in diameter, shape makes them flixible and strong --No nucleus --Total surface are is 38square meters --need glucuse for anaerobic metabolism |
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What is the process of making red blood cells called?
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Erythropoiesis
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Where are RBC's made?
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Bone marrow, pelvic area
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precursors to RBC's are what? What do they possess?
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Erythoroblasts, have organelles
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What are young RBC's called? What do they posess? How many of these do we have in our blood?
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Reticulocyte, have ribosomes, and matures in 1-2 days Have 0.8% in blood
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What hormones regulates the making of RBCs and where is it secreted?
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--Erythropoietin, secreted by kidney
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What are the 2 functions of EPO?
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1.) stimulates proliferation of progenitor cells in bone marrow
2.) speeds up hemoglobin synthesis (continually released in low levels) |
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Whats the process of O2 being delivered?
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Kidneys-->EPO secretion-->plasma EPO-->Bone marrow increases production of RBC-->increase blood HB concentration --> increase blood O2 carrying acapacity-->restoration of O2 delivery
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what do we have to have to make RBCs?
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Hemoglobin
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Why do we need lots of iron?
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--Carries 50% of iron in the body on hemoglobin
--25% is in cytochromes --25% is bound to ferritin, started in lier |
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What happens when we recycle iron?
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--Older damaged RBC's ger removed in spleen and liver. When this happens FE is released in plasma. When it is releasd, it binds to transferrin. This is a transporting protein that takes it to red bone marrow so it can get incorporated into new RBC's
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How much iron do we recirculate?
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20% than we diguest
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other unimportnat ways to make RBC's? 2 of them
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1.) need folic acids to make thymine
2.) vitamin b12 for action of folic acid |
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What are the major causes of anemia
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--dietary deficiency if iron, b12, or folic acid
--bone marrow failure due to drugs/cancer --blood loss from body leading to iron deficency --inadequate secretion of EPO in kidney disease --excessive destruction of RBC's (sickle cell anemia) |
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A type A-blood person will make what?
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Will make antibodies (anti-B)
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In AB, what is made?
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nothing, they make no antibodies
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what happens if you dont have any antigens on the suface of ur RBC?
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You'll want to make all of them
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What is agglutination? Give an example.
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--If anti-B antibody encounters B-antigen, you get agglutination. Antibodies will bind to their antigen, forming a large clump, and cells will lyce
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What does the rogarn shot do?
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delivers antibodies causing all RBC's to lyce, getting rid of antigens
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Pluripotential stem cells can make what type of cells
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Lymphoid to lymphocytes
Or myeloid to te rest of WBC's |
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How big are platelets? How long do they live? What destroys them?
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2-4microns, live 1-2 weeks, destroyed in spleen
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How are platelets made (very general)
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Pinching off the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte. Each mega makes 6000 platelets per life span
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What stimulates platelet production?
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Thrombopoetin
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Explain the 3 steps of hemostasis, when a vessel is severed
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1.) vessel constricts, pushes endothelial cells together
2.) forms a platelet plug, seals small breaks 3.) forms a clot, our dominant defense. Clot reinforces platelet plug |
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Explain the formation of a platelet plug
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--VWF(plasma protein) binds to collagen, and now can be bound to platelets. Forms a bridge between vessel wall and platelets. When platelets bind to it, they become activated
--Platelets then release ADP and Serotonin, facilitaing more platelet activation --On platelets, fibrinogen receptors become xposed, binding fibrinogen helping trap more platelts --When platelets are activated, they change metabolism and synthesize and release thromboxin A2. This causes vasoconstriction. --When vasoconstriction happens, it changes the shape to contract and compress more platelets together |
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How do you stop platelet plug from spreading?
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1.) adjacent undamaged endothelial cells release PGI2 inbiting paltelet activation
--It counters the effects of thromboxin A2 --Cells release NO, causing vasodilation |
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Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
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--A factor contacts exposed collagen, activting it
--Mmoves through the cascade of activation. It ends where it confrts factor 10 to 10a. 10a makes prothrombin into thrombin |
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Extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
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--Need tissue factor. Tissue factor is on fibroblasts in conective tissue
--Tissue factor binds to factor 7, converting into 7a. Getting a cascade, and ending up with factor 10 getting turned into 10a --Extrinsic turns on b4 intrinsic. After you get extrinsic, you get some thrombin, and the positive feedback of thrombin goes back and turn son the intrinsic pathway |
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What does thrombin do?
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--Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
--Converts XIII to XIIIA. XIIIa converts fibrin to stabilized fibrin --Thrombin also has postive feedback steps on earlier steps |
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How do you stop blood coagulation?
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1.) TFPI(Tissue factor pathway inhibitor) secreted by endothelal cells
2.) Thrombomodulin: when it binds to endothelial cell, u get binding and activation of proteinC, which incativates parts of intrinsic 3.) anti-thrombin3 gets activated binding to ehparin. Antithrombin3 inactivvates thrombin and other factors |
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How do you destroy the clot?
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Via the thrombolytic system
--Plasminogen gets activated to plasmin by plasminogen activators released by endothelial cells --Plasmin+TPA gets incoroporte dinto clot --Plasmin digets fibrin and helps dissolve clot |
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What are the 4 aspects of immunology?
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--DIVERSITY
--HIGHLY SPECIFIC --SELF/NONSELF RECOGNITION --MEMORY |
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Explain our innate immune response
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--Non speific, intitial reponse to microbe trying to eliminate infectcion
--Stimulates adaptive responses --resonds to stressed or injured host cells |
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What are our defenses at the bodys surface?
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a.) skin
b.)physical barriers such as nose hairs c.) cough and sneeze reflexes d.) antimicrobial secretions made in skin, salivary and lacrimal glands. e.) mucous secreted by endothelial linings |
