Blood Vessels

Front 1

arterioles

Back 1

small arteries join with capillaries

Front 2

arteries

Back 2

carry blood away from heart

-large elastic leave the heart

-branch down to medium sized and small

Front 3

capillaries

Back 3

exchange substances between blood tissues

Front 4

venules

Back 4

merge to form larger blood vessels called veins- join with capillaries

Front 5

veins

Back 5

blood from tissues back to heart

Front 6

angiogenesis

Back 6

production of new blood vessels

Front 7

angiogenesis important for

Back 7

wound healing, formation of uterine lining, formation of corpus lutuem, development of blood vessles around obstructed coronary vessels

-cells of malignant tumours secrete proteins to provide nourishment for the tumour

Front 8

angiogenesis may be responsible for ___________

Back 8

diabetic retinopathy

Front 9

tunica interna(intima)

Back 9

-3 layers

-inner endothelium lining in contact with the blood as it flows through the lumen

-endothelium continuous with heart lining

Front 10

tunica interna: basement membrane

Back 10

collagen for support

Front 11

tunica interna: elastic lamina:

Back 11

fibers diffuse materials

Front 12

tunica media

Back 12

middle muscular and connective tissue layer

-muscle cells and elastic fibers- extend circularly around the lumen- regulate the diameter of the lumen

-sympathetic stimulation stimulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation- regulate blood flow and blood pressure. vasospasm to stop bleeding

Front 13

Tunica externa

Back 13

-elastic and collagen fibers, numerous nerves

-in larger vessels, tiny blood vessels supply the tissue of the vessel wall(vasocasorum

Front 14

arteries

Back 14

carry blood away from heart to the tissues

Front 15

walls of arteries

Back 15

elastic, which allows them to absorb the pressure created by ventricles of the heart as they pump blood into the arteries

Front 16

because of the smooth muscle in the tunica media, arteries can _________________

Back 16

regulate their diameter

Front 17

elastic arteries(conducting arteries)

Back 17

-largest diameter

-more elastic fibers, less smooth muscle

-propel blood onward

-stretch/store ventricular blood- pressure reservoirs

-example aorta/pulmonary trunk

Front 18

muscular arteries(distributing arteries)

Back 18

-medium diameter- greater vasoconstiction or vasodilation

-more smooth muscle, fewer elastic fibers

-distribute blood to various parts of the body

-example- brachial and radial

Front 19

anastomoses

Back 19

-the union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same region of the body

-this provides an alternate route for blood flow

-occurs between arteriole and venule

-arteries that do not form an anastomosis are called "end arteries"

-if an end artery is blocked, blood cannot get to that particular region of the body and necrosis can occur

Front 20

capillaries

Back 20

-smallest blood vessel- microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules- microcirculation

-blood cells pass single file in lumen

-capillary walls are composed of a single layer of cells and a basement membrane

-because walls are so thin, capillaries permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells

Front 21

capillaries don't have _______ and _________

Back 21

tunica media an dexterna

Front 22

capillaries connect _________ to __________

Back 22

arterioles to venules

Front 23

capillaries present in

Back 23

-high metabolic areas- brain, liver, kidney, muscle, nervous tissue

Front 24

capillaries absent in

Back 24

cornea, lens of eye, cartilage, covering/lining epithelia

Front 25

exchange of materials

Back 25

between walls of capillaries and beginning of venule

Front 26

continuous capillaries

Back 26

CNS, lungs, muscle, skin

Front 27

fenestrated capillaries

Back 27

kidney, small intestine villi, brain choroid plexuses, ciliary process of eye, endocrine glands

Front 28

sinusoid capillaries

Back 28

-allow in protein/blood

-red bone marrow, liver, spleen anterior pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal gland

Front 29

venules

Back 29

-have thin walls, do not keep shape

-small vessels formed by the union of several capillaries

-drain blood from capillaries into veins

Front 30

two types of venules

Back 30

postcapillary and muscular

Front 31

postcapillary

Back 31

-receive blood from capillaries

-smallest venule- porous

-exchange of nutrients, wastes, white blood cell immigration

Front 32

muscular

Back 32

-after postcapillary

-have smooth muscle cells

-thicker walls - no exchanges

Front 33

both types

Back 33

-expand

-reservoirs for large volumes of blood

Front 34

veins

Back 34

-union of several venules

-thinner tunica interna and media, thicker tunica

-less elastic tissue

-less smooth muscle

-veins contain valves

-not designd to withstand pressure

Front 35

venous return

Back 35

-venous return to heart

-pumping action of heart

-contraction of skeletal muscle in lower limbs

Front 36

best exercise for venous disease

Back 36

walking

Front 37

venous blood flow

Back 37

not as much pressure - cuts flow not spury

Front 38

many veins have valves

Back 38

tunica interna- flaplike cusp

-project into lumen toward heart

-prevent backup

Front 39

valve defect

Back 39

congenital, mechanical stress(prolonged standing, pregnancy) or aging

Front 40

varicose veins

Back 40

valve defect- congenital, mechanical stress(prolonged standing, pregnancy) or aging

leaking valve- allows backflow of blood from deep veins to less efficient superficial veins- saphenous vein

pressure- veins leak into tissue

hemorrhoids- anal varicosities

Front 41

starling's law of the capillaries

Back 41

under normal conditions, the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered

Front 42

capillary exchange

Back 42

pressure that cause movement of fluids between capillaries and interstitial spaces

substances can cross capillary walls by:

-diffusion

-transcytosis

-bulk flow

Front 43

diffusion is important for

Back 43

solute exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Front 44

substances in blood or interstitial fluid cross

Back 44

intercellular clefts, fenestrations or endothelial cells

Front 45

water soluble substances

Back 45

glucose and amino acids go through intercellular clefts or fenestrations

Front 46

lipid soluble materials

Back 46

O2, CO2, and steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer of endothelial cell plasma membrane

Front 47

most plasma proteins and red blood cells

Back 47

cannot pass through capillary walls of continuous and fenestrated capillaries because they are too large to fit through the intercellular clefts and fenestrations

Front 48

sinusoids

Back 48

allow large proteins and blood cells to pass

Front 49

hepatocytes(liver cells)

Back 49

synthesize and release many plasma proteins(fibrinogen and albumin)

-diffuse into the bloodstream through sinusoids

Front 50

red bone marrow

Back 50

blood cells are formed and then enter bloodstream through sinusoids

Front 51

blood-brain barrier

Back 51

capillaries in brain allow few substances across- tight continous capillaries- sealed together by tight junctions

Front 52

water soluble examples

Back 52

glucose and amino acids- intercellular clefts or fenestrations

Front 53

simple diffusion

Back 53

-passive process, substances move freely down concentration gradient through lipid bilayer

Front 54

lipid soluble examples

Back 54

O2, CO2, steroid hormones

Front 55

transcytosis

Back 55

large, lipid-insoluble molecules(like insulin) cross capillary walls in vesicles

substances- enclosed within tiny pinocytic vesicles enter endothelial cells

endocytosis- move across the cell and exit by exocytosis

for large, lipid-insoluble molecules such as insulin, cannot cross capillary walls in any other way- some antibodies(proteins) pass from the maternal circulation into the fetal circulation by transcytosis

Front 56

bulk flow

Back 56

-passive process

-large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction

-move at rates far greater than diffusion alone

-bulk flow- higher pressure to lower pressure- until no pressure difference exists

Front 57

bulk flow regulates

Back 57

volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

Front 58

filtration

Back 58

pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid

Front 59

reabsorption

Back 59

pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

Front 60

filtration- pressure-driven by

Back 60

-blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

Front 61

reabsorption pressure-driven by

Back 61

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 62

hydrostatic pressure higher at ___________(capillary) end ________mmHG

Back 62

arterial, 35mmh

Front 63

hydrostatic pressure lower at ______(capillary) end ___mmHG

Back 63

venous, 16mmHG

Front 64

osmotic pressure created by

Back 64

proteins or collides

Front 65

osmotic pressure is higher in capillary ______mmHG

Back 65

26mmHG

Front 66

osmotic pressure absent interstitial ___mmHG

Back 66

0

Front 67

Edema

Back 67

-abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume

Front 68

edema detectable when volume ____% above normal

Back 68

30

Front 69

edema causes excess ____________ or inadequate _________

Back 69

filtration, reabsorption

Front 70

excess filtration caused by

Back 70

-increase capillary pressure

-increase permeability(leak) of capillaries

Front 71

inadequate reabsorption caused by

Back 71

-decreased protein(eg. liver disease, malnutrition, burns) decresaed osmotic pressure

Front 72

starling's law of the capillaries

Back 72

under normal conditions, the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered

Front 73

blood flow

Back 73

volume of blood flowing through any tissue in a given time period(in mL/min)

Front 74

cardiac output

Back 74

the volume of blood that circulates throughh systemic(or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

CO= heart rate(HR) x stroke volume

Front 75

distribution depends on

Back 75

-pressure difference driving blood through tissue

-resistance to flow in blood vessels

Front 76

Blood pressure

Back 76

contraction of ventricles generate BP

Front 77

Blood pressure determined by

Back 77

cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance

Front 78

higher the Bp, the ________ the blood flow

Back 78

greater

Front 79

systolic blood pressure

Back 79

highest pressure in arteries during systole

Front 80

diastolic blood pressure

Back 80

lowest arterial pressure during diastole

Front 81

a _____% loss of volume drops pressure

Back 81

10

Front 82

mean arterial pressure

Back 82

average blood pressure in arteries- one third of the way between the diastolic and systolic pressures

Front 83

vascular resistance

Back 83

opposition of blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels

-the higher the resistance- smaller the blood flow

Front 84

resistance depends on

Back 84

1) size of lumen

2)blood viscocity

3)total blood vessel length

Front 85

size of lumen

Back 85

small lumen, more resistance

Front 86

blood viscoscity

Back 86

more viscous, increased resistance

Front 87

total blood vessel length

Back 87

increased length, increased resistance

Front 88

most resistant

Back 88

arterioles, capillaries,, venules

Front 89

arterioles control systemic vascular resistance(SVR) by

Back 89

changing their diameters

Front 90

arterioles need to _________ and _____________ only slightly to have large effect on SVR

Back 90

vasodilate or vasoconstrict

Front 91

medulla oblongata

Back 91

main center for regulation of SVR is the vasomotor center in the brain stem

Front 92

venous returns

Back 92

back to heart through systemic veins- due to pressure by contractions left ventricle

Front 93

venous return assisted by

Back 93

-valves

-skeletal muscle pump

-respiratory pump

Front 94

velocity is slowest wher

Back 94

total cross-sectional area of vessel is greatest

Front 95

how do we check circulation

Back 95

-pulse

-blood pressure

Front 96

situational syncope

Back 96

caused by pressure stress associated with urination, defecation or severe coughing

Front 97

orthostatic hypotension

Back 97

decrease in blood pressure that occurs on standing up

Front 98

drug-induced syncope

Back 98

may be caused by drugs such as antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilaters and tranquilizers

Front 99

vasodepressor

Back 99

due to sudden emotional stress or real, threatened or fantasized injury

Front 100

do orthostatic vitals in someone who

Back 100

is volume depleted

Front 101

shock

Back 101

inadequate cardiac output- results in failure of CV system to meet the metabolic demands of body cells

-cell membranes dysfunction, cell metabolism is abnormal, and cell death may occur

Front 102

types of shock

Back 102

-hypovolemic

-cardiogenic

-vascular

-obstructive

Front 103

hypovolemic

Back 103

acute hemmorhage/loss fluids

Front 104

cardiogenic

Back 104

heart fails to pump(often MI)

Front 105

vascular

Back 105

anaphylatic shock/head trauma/septic

Front 106

obstructive

Back 106

pulmonary embolis

Front 107

signs and symptoms of shock

Back 107

-clammy, cool, pale skin

-tachycardia

-weak, rapid pulse

-sweating

-hypotension

-altered mental status

-decreased urinary output

-thirst

-acidosis

Front 108

responses to hypovolemi shock

Back 108

-activation of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone ssytem

-secretion of anti-diuretic hormone

-activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous sytem

-release of local vasodilators

Front 109

aging results in

Back 109

-loss of compliance of the aorta

-reduction in cardiac and muscle fiber size

-progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength

-decline in maximum heart rate

-increased systolic blood pressure

Front 110

circulatory routes

Back 110

-sytemic

-pulmonary

-hepatic

-fetal

Front 111

development of blood vessels and blood

Back 111

blood vessels develop from isolated masses of mesenchyme in the mesoderm called blood islands