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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does one get a certain blood type?
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These are strickly genetic.
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What determines blood type?
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These occur due to antigens on the surface of rbc's.
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What is an antigen?
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This is any large molecule capable of BINDING TO AN ANTIBODY and thereby triggering an IMMUNE RESPONSE.
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What are some examples of what ANTIGENS can be? (Just try to think of 3 of 6)
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These can be proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, glycolipids, carbohydrates, nuclei acids.
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What are antibodies?
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These are GAMMA GLOBULINS that react with ANTIGENS.
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Where and how frequently are antibodies found?
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These are ALWAYS present in the BLOOD PLASMA and other body fluids.
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Where are some antibodies found?
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These are found on some leukocytes.
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What are BLOOD TYPE ANTIGENS?
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These are GLYCOPROTEINS and GLYCOLIPIDS found on the surface of rbc's.
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What is the part of the glycoprotein or glycolipid that is antigenic for blood typing?
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The carbohydrate part of these is antigenic.
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What are agglutinogens?
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These are a name for blood type antigens.
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What can agglutinogens cause?
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These can cause hemagglutination.
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What is hemagglutination?
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This is the clumping of rbc's when they react with antibodies.
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What is the name of ANTIBODIES that cause agglutinogens to clump?
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The antibodies that do this are called agglutinens.
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What does this reaction cause?:
ANTIGEN + ANTIBODY (agglutinogen)+(agglutinen) |
This reaction causes
AGGLUTINATION (hemagglutination) |
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What can be fatal in a blood transfusion?
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Hemaglutination can be this for a person.
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How many ABO Antigens are present?
What are they? |
There are two of these:
1. A antigen 2. B antigen |
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How do A and B antigens differ?
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These differ in carbohydrate structure.
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How many possible combinations of A and B can a person have?
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A person can have 4 different combinations of these.
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What are the four blood types?
What antigens do they have? |
Blood type:
A - has antigen A, no B B - has antigen B, no A AB - has both antigen A and B O - has no antigens, no A, no B |
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In general, what is the most common to the least common bllod types
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O
A B AB ...is the most common to least common of these. |
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What are antibodies?
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These are gamma globulins in plasma and body fluids.
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When do antibodies come about?
How long do they last? |
These come about ~2-8 months after birth and persist through entire life.
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What are ANTIBODIES mainly produced to protect?
What also can they react with? |
These are mainly produced to protect us against BACTERIA, but they also react with BLOOD ANTIGENS.
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What are the two types of ANTIBODIES/AGGLUTINENS?
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The two types of these are:
1. Anti-A 2. Anti-B |
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What does Anti-A react with?
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This reacts with A antigen.
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What does Anti-A affect and cause?
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This causes AGGLUTINATION of any rbc's with A antigen on cell surface.
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What does Anti-A not affect?
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These won't affect rbc's that don't have A antigen.
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What do people who have no B antigens on their blood cells have?
What types? |
People with none of these always have Anti-B.
e.g. Types A and O |
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What do people who have no A antigens on their blood cells have?
What types? |
People with none of these always have Anti-A.
e.g. Types B and O |
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What do people always have against the BLOOD TYPE ANTIGENS they don't have?
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People always have ANTIBODIES against this that they don't have.
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What antibodies are present in the body with:
O Blood Types |
These blood types have:
Anti-A, Anti-B |
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What antibodies are present in the body with:
A Blood Types |
These blood types have:
Anti-B |
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What antibodies are present in the body with:
B Blood Types |
These blood types have:
Anti-A |
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What antibodies are present in the body with:
AB Blood Types |
These blood types have:
none |
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How do you determine a person's blood type?
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Mix a sample of blood with Anti-A and Anti-B and look for hemagglutination.
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During clinical ABO typing what blood type would it be if the flowing caused:
Anti-A --> no hemagglutination Anti-B --> no hemagglutination |
This combination of Antibodies causing agglutination would indicate:
Blood Type O |
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During clinical ABO typing what blood type would it be if the flowing caused:
Anti-A --> hemagglutination Anti-B --> no hemagglutination |
This combination of Antibodies causing agglutination would indicate:
Blood Type A |
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During clinical ABO typing what blood type would it be if the flowing caused:
Anti-A --> no hemagglutination Anti-B --> hemagglutination |
This combination of Antibodies causing agglutination would indicate:
Blood Type B |
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During clinical ABO typing what blood type would it be if the flowing caused:
Anti-A --> hemagglutination Anti-B --> hemagglutination |
This combination of Antibodies causing agglutination would indicate:
Blood Type AB |
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What is a transfusion?
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This is the transfer of blood from one person to another.
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Whose blood ANTIBODIES can cause fatal hemagglutination in the recipients body?
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These in the RECIPIENT can cause fatal hemagglutination.
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Whose ANTIGENS can cause fatal hemagglutination in the recipients body?
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These in the DONOR'S BLOOD can cause fatal hemagglutination.
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What can be done to avoid agglutination?
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Always try to mix types to avoid this.
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What blood type best suits a recipient?
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The same blood type usually suits a recipient best.
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What is the negative and positive in blood typing?
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This represents the Rh factor.
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What are the three Rh factors?
Which is the most important? |
C, D, E are the three of these.
D is the most important. |
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What does an Rh test look for?
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This actually tests for the D antigen.
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What does a person with Rh+ have?
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This implies a person has D-Antigen.
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What does a person with Rh- have?
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This implies a person lacks D-Antigen.
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Who will develop Anti-D once they are exposed to D-antigen?
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A person with Rh- will develop these after being exposed to D Antigen.
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What happens during the first pregnancy of a mother with Rh- and a fetus with Rh+?
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This circumstance is ok the first time, but the mother will develop Anti-D.
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What can happen during a subsequent pregnancy if mom is Rh- and Fetus is Rh+?
What drug combats this condition? |
Mom's got Anti-D. Baby may have HDN (Hemolytic Disease of Newborn).
RhoGAM combats this. |
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How is recycled iron treated?
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This is treated the same as dietary iron.
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Where do we lose iron?
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We constantly lose this is feces.
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How much must we consume to replace lost Fe?
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Must consume 5-20mg of this to replace what's lost.
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Where does dietary iron go?
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This form of iron goes thru digestive system.
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How is iron transported through blood?
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Fe is transported thru this as transferrin.
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Where is iron transported to?
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This always passes thru the liver.
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How does the liver store Fe?
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This organ stores Fe as Ferritin.
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What is
leukopoiesis? |
This is the production of wbc's (leukocytes).
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What is CSF?
What's it do? |
This is colony stimulation factor.
Stimulates the production of cells. |
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What do CSF help differentiate?
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These make the decision about what cell line a stem cell will differentiate into.
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What are often produced by lymphocytes and macrophages in response to infection?
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CSF's are often produced by these two cells in response to infection.
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What type of leukocyte are the "cops on the beat" b/c of their agile nature in tissue?
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Granulocytes are the "cops" b/c of their agile nature in this part of the body.
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What stem cell do all Granulocytes come from?
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All of this type of leukocyte comes from myeloblast (stem cell).
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Where are mature granulocytes stored until they are needed?
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These mature cells are stored in bone marrow until they are needed.
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Where are there 10-20 times more granulocytes than in circulating blood?
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There are 10-20 more granulocytes in bone marrow than here.
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How long do granulocytes circulate?
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These leukocytes circulate in the blood for 4-8 hours.
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How long do granulocytes live after migrating into tissue?
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These leukocytes live 4-5 days after migrating into tissue.
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What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
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The two types of these are:
1. monocytes 2. lymphocytes |
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What do monocytes arise from?
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These agranulocytes arise from monoblasts?
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What agranulocyte is stored in bone marrow?
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Monocytes, the type of this cell, are stored in bone marrow.
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How long do monocytes circulate in peripheral blood?
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These agranulocytes circulate in peripheral blood for 10-20 hours.
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What are monocytes called once they enter tissue?
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These are called macrophages once they've entered tissue.
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How long can macrophages live in tissue?
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These leukocytes can live in tissue up to a few years.
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How much do macrophages move when in tissue?
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These cells are highly migratory.
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What function do macrophages carry out in tissue?
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These leukocytes are phagocytic and eat debris.
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What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?
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The two kinds of these are
B cells T cells |
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What do B and T cells arise from?
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These arise from B-progenitor and T-progenitor cells.
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Where does production of lymphocytes begin?
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These agranulocytes are begin production in bone marrow.
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Where do lymphocytes finish maturing (2)?
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These agranulocytes mature in:
1. bone marrow 2. thymus |
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Where do mature lymphocytes live (2 1/2)?
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These agranulocytes live:
1. spleen 2. lymph 2 1/2. other places |
