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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
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1. Transport: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat
2. Protection: WBC's, antibodies, and platelets 3: Regulation: Fluid regulation and buffering |
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What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?
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1. Albumins (most abundant)
2. Globulins (antibodies) 3. Fibrinogen (precursor of fibrin for clotting) |
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Where are plasma proteins formed?
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By the liver (except for globulins, produced by plasma cells)
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What are the nonprotein components of plasma?
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1. Nitrogenous compounds (amino acitds and nitrogenous wastes- urea)
2. Nutrients: glucose, vitamins, fats, minerals, etc 3. o2 and co2 4. Electrolytes: Na makes up 90% of plasma cations |
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How is blood produced? By?
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Hemopoiesis
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Hemopoietic tissues that make blood
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adult heads of large bones, flat bones, ox coxae. In the fetus, liver and spleen
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What are the 2 types of hemopoietic tissues?
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1. Myeloid - bone marrow- all formed elements
2. Lymphod- lymphatic organs- makes only WBC's |
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Blood has all of the following functions except :
a. Nutrient transport b. Heat transfer c. Clotting d. Hormone production e. PH buffering |
D: hormone production
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Hematocrit is the pecent of volume of ____________.
a. Leukocytes b. Platelets c. Erythrocytes d. Monocytes e. Lymphocytes |
C: Erythrocytes
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Hematocrit averages about ____ percent.
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about 45%
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In the adult, blood formation occurs where ?
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Red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
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What is the most abundant plasma protein?
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Albumin
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Which of the plasma proteins are not formed by the liver ?
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Globulins
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What is the major function of RBC's?
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Gas transport
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What percent of the cytoplasm is Hemoglobin ?
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33%
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What are the 2 structure groups of hemoglobin ?
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1. Heme
2. Globins |
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How many o2 can a hemoglobin molecule carry?
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Four
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What binds oxygen to ferrous ion (Fe2+)?
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Heme group of the hemoglobin
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How many protein chanis do globins have?
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Four
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What indicates the amount of o2 blood can carry?
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RBC count and hemoglobin
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What is the normal HCT of men?
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42%- 52%
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What is the normal HCT of women?
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37% to 48%
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What is the normal Hgb for a man?
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13-18g/dl
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What is the normal Hgb for a woman?
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12-16g/dl
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What is the normal RBC for men and women?
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Men: 4.2- 6.2 million
Women: 4.2 - 5.2 million |
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Why is the RBC count for women lower than men?
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1. Androgens stimulate RBC production
2. Women have periodic mentstrual losses |
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What part of the hemopoietic tissue produces stem cells ?
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Yolk Sac
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When does the liver stop producing blood cells ?
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At birth
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Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?
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thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and peyers patches in intestines
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What is the rate of RBC production?
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2.5 million RBC's per second
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How long does the development of RBC's?
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3-5 days
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What is the key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis?
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Iron
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Why is nutritional iron needed in our diet?
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because we loose iron daily through urine, feces, and bleeding
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What are nutritional needs other than Iron needed for Erythropoiesis?
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B12, folic acid, vitamin C, and copper
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What is the feedback mechanism for erythrocyte homeostasis?
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Negative feedback
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What is the steps of the negative feedback for erythrocyte homeostasis?
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-drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia- epo production stimulates bone marrow- increases RBC count in 3-4 days
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What is the stimulus for erythropoiesis?
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-low levels of o2
-increase in exercise -loss of lung tissue in emphysema |
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Where does the lyse occur for RBC's?
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in the narrow channels in the spleen
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When iron is removed from heme, what is the heme pigment coverted to ?
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Biliverdin- green
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When iron is removed from heme, what is the biliverdin converted to ?
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bilirubin- yellow
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Where is an antigen located?
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on the cell surface
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What do foreign antigens generate?
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immune response
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Where are antibodies secreted from ?
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The plasma cells
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Why are antibodies secreted?
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as part of immune reponse to foreign matter
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What does aggluntination cause?
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clumping
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What is the definition of agglutination?
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Antibody molecule binding to antigens
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Where are RBC antigens located?
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on the RBC surface
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What is an ABO blood type determined by ?
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the presence or absence of antigens
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Type A person has ________ antigens.
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A
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Type B person has ________ antigens.
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B
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Type AB has ____________ antigens.
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both A and B
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Type O has _________ antigens.
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neither A or B
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What is the most common blood type?
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O
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What is the rarest blood type?
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AB
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If you add anti a to a drop of blood and it clumps, what is the blood type?
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A
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If you add anti b to a drop of blood and it does not clump, it is what blood type?
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Type A
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What are the plasma antibodies?
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Agglutinins: anti- a and anti- b
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When do antibodies appear in the blood ?
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2- 8 months after birth
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Do you form antibodies against your antigens?
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No
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What is responsible for mismatched transfusion reaction ?
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antibodies
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What is the universal donor blood type?
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Type O
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What is the universal recipient blood type ?
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Type AB
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Rh + blood type has what type of agglutinogens on RBC's ?
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D
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What is the normal range of WBC's?
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5,000 - 10,000 WBCs/uL
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Leukocyte Descriptions
Granulocytes |
Neutrophils: Eosinophils: Basophils
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Which type of leukocyte has a multi lobed nucleus?
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neutrophil
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What is the most numerous leukocyte?
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neutrophil
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Which leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus?
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Eosinophils
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What color granules does a eosinophils?
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Large rosy orange granules
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What color are the granules of a basophils?
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violet
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What are the agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes
monocytes |
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Which leukocyte stains bluish ?
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lymphocytes
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Which leukocyte has a large round univorm dark violet nucleus?
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lymphocytes
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What is the largest WBC?
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monocytes
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Which WBC has a ovoid or kidney shaped nucleus?
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monocytes
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Which WBC increases with bacterial infections?
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neutrophils
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Which WBC is first on the scene of a bacterial infection?
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neutrophils
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Which WBC is increased during a paratitic infections or allergies?
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Eosinophils
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Which WBC is increased during chicken pox, sinusitis or diabetes?
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basophils
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Which WBC secrete histamine for vasodilation?
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Basophils
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Which WBC secrets heparin for anticoagulation?
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Basophils
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