Blood System

Front 1

Blood is the only ___ tissue in the body

Back 1

fluid

Front 2

Define blood

Back 2

A fluid connective tissue

Front 3

5 components of blood

Back 3

1) Plasma

2)Formed elements

3) Erythrocytes (RBC)

4) Leukocytes (WBC)

5) Platelets

Front 4

Define Hematocrit

Back 4

Percent of blood volume that is RBC

Front 5

Percentage of blood that is RBCs

Back 5

47% (+/- 5%) for males

42% (+/- 5%) for females

Front 6

Percent of blood that is Leukocytes and platletes

Back 6

less than 1%

Front 7

Plasma makes up ___% of blood

Back 7

55% of blood

Front 8

4 characteristics of blood

Back 8

1) Sticky, opaque liquid

2) Scarlet(oxygen rich) to dark red(oxy poor)

3) pH 7.35 - 7.45

4) 38C

Front 9

Blood is about ___% of body weight

Back 9

8% of body weight

Front 10

Average volume of blood

Back 10

5 - 6 L in males

4 - 5L in females

Front 11

3 major functions of blood

Back 11

Distributing substances, regulating blood levels of particular substances, or protecting the body

Front 12

3 distribution functions of blood

Back 12

1) Deliver oxygen from lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to all body cells

2) Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites (lungs and kidneys)

3) Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs

Front 13

3 regulation functions of blood

Back 13

1) Maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface

2) Maintain normal pH in body tissues using buffers

3) Maintain adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Front 14

2 protective functions of blood

Back 14

1) Prevent blood loss by forming clots (plasma proteins and platelets)

2) Prevent infection with antibodies, complement proteins, and WBCs - which defend against foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses

Front 15

Blood Plasma is ___ % ___

Back 15

90% water

Front 16

Blood plasma contains over 100 different solutes including

Back 16

nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, proteins, and electrolytes

Front 17

Most plasma proteins are produced by the ___

Back 17

liver

Front 18

60% of plasma proteins are

Back 18

albumin

Front 19

Albumin is the main contributor to

Back 19

osmotic pressure

Front 20

Nitrogenous substances in the blood

Back 20

By products of cellular metabolism such as urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonium salts

Front 21

Nutrients in the blood are

Back 21

Materials absorbed from the digestive tract and transported throughout the body.

Front 22

Types of nutrients in the blood

Back 22

Glucose, carbs, amino acids

Front 23

Respiratory gases of the blood

Back 23

O2 and CO2

Front 24

Hormones in the blood

Back 24

Steroid and thyroid hormones are carried by the plasma proteins

Front 25

____ are the most abundant solutes by number

Back 25

electrolytes

Front 26

What function to electrolytes perform?

Back 26

To maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal pH level

Front 27

What are the 3 formed elements of the blood

Back 27

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 28

_____ have no nuclei or organelles

Back 28

Erythrocytes/RBCs

Front 29

___ are cell fragments

Back 29

platelets

Front 30

_____ are the only complete cells of the blood

Back 30

WBCs/leukocytes

Front 31

Most ____ survive in the blood stream for ___

Back 31

formed elements, a few days

Front 32

Most blood cells originate in the _____ and they do not ____

Back 32

stem cells in the red bone marrow, divide

Front 33

Shape of RBCs

Back 33

Biconcave discs

Front 34

Define anucleate and name the cell that is such

Back 34

Having no nucleus and RBCs contain no nucleus and essentially no organelles

Front 35

RBCs are filled with ____ for ____ transport

Back 35

Hemoglobin for gas transport

Front 36

Function of antioxidant enzymes

Back 36

to rid the body of harmful oxygen radicals

Front 37

Contain the plasma membrane protein ____ and other proteins that provide ____________

Back 37

spectrin, flexibility for RBCs to change shape as necessary

Front 38

3 structural characteristics of RBC for gas transport

Back 38

1) Small size and biconcave shape provide a huge surface area relative to volume

2) RBCs is 97% (not counting water) hemoglobin - the molecule that binds to and transports respiratory gases

3) RBCs do not consume any of the oxygen they carry

Front 39

_____ are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity

Back 39

RBCs

Front 40

_____ are completely dedicated to transporting respiratory gases

Back 40

RBCs

Front 41

_____ binds reversibly to oxygen

Back 41

Hemoglobin

Front 42

Hemoglobin structure

Back 42

Protein globin: two alpha and two beta chains

Front 43

Hemaglobin is a _____ globin: ___ alpha and ___ beta chains

Back 43

protein, two, two

Front 44

Hemoglobin is made up of _____ that is bound to ____

Back 44

red heme, protein globin

Front 45

Heme pigment is bonded to each globin chain for a total of ___

Back 45

4

Front 46

_____ atom in each heme can bind to one ___ molecule

Back 46

Iron, 02

Front 47

Each Hemaglobin molecule can transport ____ 02

Back 47

4

Front 48

______ hemoglobin per RBC

Back 48

250 million

Front 49

______ 02 molecules per RBC

Back 49

1 billion

Front 50

Define hematopoiesis

Back 50

Blood cell formation

Front 51

Hematopoisis occurs in the

Back 51

red bone marrow of the axial skeleton, girdles, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Front 52

Define Hemocytoblasts

Back 52

Hematopoietic stem cells - all formed elements arise from these

Front 53

Define Erythropoiesis

Back 53

Red blood cell production

Front 54

Define tissue hypoxia

Back 54

Oxygen deprivation caused by too few RBCs

Front 55

Increased blood viscosity is caused by

Back 55

Too many RBCs

Front 56

Define Erythropoietin

Back 56

a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the formation of RBCs

Front 57

____ is the direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

Back 57

Erythropoietin

Front 58

Causes of hypoxia

Back 58

1) Hemorrhage (bleeding) or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers

2) Insufficient hemoglobin (ex. iron deficiency)

3) Reduced availability of 02 ( ex. high altitudes)

Front 59

Effects of EPO

Back 59

More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells

Front 60

_____ also enhances EPO production which results in higher RBC counts in ____

Back 60

Testosterone, males

Front 61

Life span of RBCs

Back 61

100 - 120 days

Front 62

Old RBCs become ___ and ___ begins to ___

Back 62

fragile, Hb, degenerate

Front 63

______ engulf dying RBCs om the spleen

Back 63

Macrophages

Front 64

_____ in the RBC graveyard

Back 64

Spleem

Front 65

Anemia

Back 65

blood has abnormally low 02-carrying capacity

Front 66

Anemia is a ____ rather than a ____

Back 66

sign, disease

Front 67

Polycythemia

Back 67

Abnormal excess of RBCs resulting in increase of blood viscosity

Front 68

Polycythemia vera

Back 68

a bone marrow cancer in which hematocrit can be up to 80% and it engorges and impairs circulation

Front 69

Leukocytes are

Back 69

WBCs

Front 70

WBS make up ___% of blood volume

Back 70

1%

Front 71

Types of Leukocyctes by amount

Back 71

Neutrophil 50% - 70%

Lymphocytes 25% - 45%

Monocytes 3% - 8%

Eosinophils 2% - 4%

Basophils 0.5% - 1%

Front 72

Leukocytes can leave capillaries via a process called

Back 72

diapedesis

Front 73

The circulatory system is simply a means of transportation for ____ to travel to other areas of the body where they mount inflammatory or immune responses

Back 73

leukocytes (WBCs)

Front 74

WBCs move thorugh tissue spaces by

Back 74

amoeboid motion

Front 75

Define amoeboid motion

Back 75

When WBCs form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them along

Front 76

Chemotaxis

Back 76

A positive feedback system that signals migrations of WBCs to damaged area

Front 77

Leukocytosis

Back 77

WBC count over 11,000/um, this is a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body

Front 78

Leukocytes are divided into two major categories by structure and chemical characteristics

Back 78

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 79

3 types of Granulocytes

Back 79

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Front 80

Cytoplasmic granules of granulocytes stain with

Back 80

Wright's stain

Front 81

The most numerous WBCs

Back 81

nuetrophils

Front 82

Neutrophils are referred to as PMNs, meaning

Back 82

polymorphonuclear - many shapes of nucleus

Front 83

____ are bacteria slayers or _____

Back 83

Neutrophils, phagocytic

Front 84

Eosinophils

Back 84

digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized and are modulators of the immune response

Front 85

____ are the rarest WBC

Back 85

Basophils

Front 86

Basophils effects

Back 86

Histamine

Heparin

Front 87

Define histamine

Back 87

an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site

Front 88

Define Heparin

Back 88

A natural anticoagulant

Front 89

____ are functionally similar to mast cells

Back 89

Basophils

Front 90

Agranulocytes ( 2 types)

Back 90

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 91

_____ are mostly in lymphoid tissue

Back 91

lymphocytes

Front 92

_____ are critical to immunity

Back 92

lymphocytes

Front 93

Two types of lymphocytes

Back 93

t cells and b cells

Front 94

T cell effects

Back 94

act against virsus-infected cells and tumor cells

Front 95

B cell effects

Back 95

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

Front 96

______ are the largest leukocytes

Back 96

Monocytes

Front 97

Phagocytic cells

Back 97

cells that ingest foreign particles

Front 98

When ____ leave the bloodstream and enter the ____, they differentiate into highly mobile ____

Back 98

monocytes, tissues, macrophages

Front 99

Macrophages

Back 99

Actively phagocytic cells that are crucial against viruses, intracellular parasites, and chronic infections.

Front 100

____ activate the lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Back 100

macrophages

Front 101

Leukopoiesis

Back 101

Production of WBCs

Front 102

Leukopoiesis is stimulated by

Back 102

chemical messengers (interleukins and colony stimulting factors) from bone marrow and mature WBCs

Front 103

Leukemia

Back 103

a group of cancerous conditions involving WBCs

Front 104

_____ for a ____ that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

Back 104

Platelets, platelete plug

Front 105

Circulating plateletes are kept inactive and mobile by ___ and _____ from _____ of the blood vessels

Back 105

NO, prostacyclin, endothelial cells

Front 106

Hemostasis

Back 106

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

Front 107

3 reactions of hemstasis

Back 107

1) vascular spasm

2) platelet plug

3) Coagulation (blood clotting)

Front 108

Vascular spasm

Back 108

vasconstriction of damaged blood vessel

Front 109

Platelet plug formation is a _____ cycle

Back 109

positive feedback

Front 110

How a platelet plug is formed

Back 110

1) Stick to exposed collagen fibers with the help of von willebrand factor

2) Swell, become spiked and sticky and release chemical messenger

3) ADP causes more platelets to stick and release messengers

4) Seratonion and thromboxane enhance vascular spasm and more platlet aggregation

Front 111

Coagulation last step

Back 111

Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh

Front 112

Fibrinolysis

Back 112

removes uneeded clots when healing has occured

Front 113

Fibrinolysis beings within

Back 113

two days

Front 114

Plasminogen in clots is converted to

Back 114

plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor X11 and thrombin

Front 115

Plasmin

Back 115

a fibrin-digesting enzyme

Front 116

Without ____ blood vessels would become completely blocked

Back 116

fibrinolysis

Front 117

The natural clot buster is

Back 117

plasmin

Front 118

Thrombin is bound to ____ and prevented from

Back 118

fibrin threads, acting elsewhere

Front 119

3 inhibitors of thrombin

Back 119

antithrombin III, protein C, and heparin

Front 120

Platlet adhension is prevented by

Back 120

1) Smooth endothelial lining of the blood vessels

2) Antithrombic substances nitirc oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells

3) Vitamin E quinine

Front 121

___ of the ___ and ___ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions

Back 121

Antigens of the ABO and Rh

Front 122

ABO blood groups

Back 122

A, B, AB, O

Front 123

ABO blood groups are based on

Back 123

presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B)

Front 124

Anti-A and Anti-B form in the blood at ____ age

Back 124

2 months

Front 125

___ indicated the presence of D

Back 125

Rh+

Front 126

___ are not spontaneously formed in Rh -, they form when ____

Back 126

Anti-Rhantibodies, Rh- receives a Rh+ blood

Front 127

A second exposure of Rh+ will result in

Back 127

a typical tranfusion reaction