Blood Pressure Regulation

Front 1

Pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in arterial pressure and stretch. Located in aortic arch, carotid sinus, and most large arteries of neck and thorax.

Back 1

baroreceptors

Front 2

Where are the baroreceptors that sense blood pressure located?

Back 2

In the aortic arch, carotid sinus, and most large arteries.

Front 3

What happens to baroreceptors when blood pressure is high?

Back 3

It ↑ impulses to the brain.

Front 4

What happens to both parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity when blood pressure is high?

Back 4

↑ PNS and ↓ SNS

Front 5

What is the effect of increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity on both heart rate and blood pressure?

Back 5

↑ reduction of heart rate and ↓ BP.

Front 6

What is the name of the parasympathetic nerve that decreases heart rate?

Back 6

vagus nerve

Front 7

How does a decrease in heart rate decrease blood pressure?

Back 7

HR decrease BP by decreasing cardiac output.

Front 8

Sympathetic nerve fiber that stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle cells of a blood vessel, thus decreasing the diameter of the vessel (vasoconstriction).

Back 8

vasomotor fiber

Front 9

What is the effect of high blood pressure on arteries?

Back 9

High BP leads to vasoconstriction.

Front 10

How does vasodilation decrease blood pressure?

Back 10

↓ activity of vasomotor fibers leads to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle which leads to ↑ arterial diameter.

Front 11

What happens to baroreceptors when the blood pressure is low? What effect does that have on the brain?

Back 11

• Falling blood pressure
• Baroreceptors inhibited
• Decreased impulses to the brain
• Decreased parasympathetic activity, increased sympathetic activity

Front 12

What are the three effects of an increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity?

Back 12

1. Heart: increased heart rate and increased contractility
2. Vessels: increased vasoconstriction
3. Adrenal gland: release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which enhance heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction

Front 13

How does an increase in heart rate increase blood pressure?

Back 13

By decreasing PNS and increasing Cardiac output. This will increase HR and BP.

Front 14

What is the effect of low blood pressure on arteries?

Back 14

Increases arterial diameter and increases vasodilation.

Front 15

How does vasoconstriction increase blood pressure?

Back 15

It makes arteries smaller in diameter which the make the blood travel faster.

Front 16

What is the effect of sympathetic activity on the adrenal gland?

Back 16

Increased sympathetic impulses to adrenal glands releasing NE and E to bloodstream.

Front 17

Why are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal gland slower-acting and more prolonged than nervous system control?

Back 17

Because they are carried in the blood, and their effects are more prolonged.

Front 18

When there is a loss of blood through hemorrhage, accident, or donating a pint of blood, what two long-term regulatory processes will restore blood volume and therefore blood pressure back to normal?

Back 18

The conservation of body fluids via renal mechanisms & stimulate intake of water to normalize blood volume and blood pressure.

Front 19

What happens to blood volume and blood pressure when there is blood loss?

Back 19

Blood pressure and blood volume decrease

Front 20

If blood pressure falls too low, what do the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney release into the bloodstream?

Back 20

renin

Front 21

Plasma globulin made by the liver that is converted to angiotensin I by renin. Part of renin-angiotensin mechanism, which increases blood pressure.

Back 21

angiotensinogen

Front 22

How is angiotensinogen activated?

Back 22

As renin travels through the bloodstream, it binds to an inactive plasma protein, angiotensinogen, activating it into angiotensin I.

Front 23

How is angiotensin I converted into Angiotensin II?

Back 23

As angiotensin I passes through the lung capillaries, an enzyme in the lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Front 24

Place the following steps in the release of aldosterone in order:
a. An enzyme in the lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
b. Angiotensinogen is activated into angiotensin I.
c. Angiotensin II stimulates the cells of the adrenal cortex to release the hormone aldosterone.
d. As renin travels through the bloodstream, it binds to an inactive plasma protein, angiotensinogen.
e. Angiotensin II continues through the bloodstream until it reaches the adrenal gland.
f. Angiotensin I passes through the lung capillaries.

Back 24

d
b
f
a
e
c

Front 25

What happens when Angiotensin II reaches the adrenal gland?

Back 25

stimulates the release of aldosterone

Front 26

What are two effects of angiotensin II?

Back 26

1. it's a vasocontrictor
2. raises BP

Front 27

What is the target organ for aldosterone?

Back 27

kidneys

Front 28

What is the effect of aldosterone?

Back 28

promotes increased reabsorption of Na+ from the kidney tubules.

Front 29

What is "filtrate" and where is it located within the kidneys? What is its relationship to the blood capillaries.

Back 29

A filtrate is a fluid and solutes that are forced out of the blood into the glomerular capsule of the kidney. They are located on the peritubular capillaries. The filtrate is then processed by the renal tubules to form urine.

Front 30

What is the process of reabsorption within the kidneys?

Back 30

• Each distal convoluted tubule winds through the kidney and eventually empties its contents into a urine-collecting duct.
• The peritubular capillaries absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate.

Front 31

What happens when aldosterone binds to the cells of the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 31

In the convoluted tubule, there are Na+ molecules, and they are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Front 32

How does aldosterone increase the blood volume and blood pressure?

Back 32

When Na+ is reabsorbed into the bloodstream, H20 follows. The reabsorbed H20 increases BV and BP.

Front 33

What effect does dehydration due to sweating, diarrhea, or excessive urine flow have on osmolarity of the blood, blood volume, and blood pressure?

Back 33

Increased osmolarity of blood
Decreased BV and BP

Front 34

An increased osmolarity of the blood causes the release of what hormone?

Back 34

ADH

Front 35

What is the effect of ADH?

Back 35

Stimulate kidneys to reabsorb more H20, reducing urine volume.

Front 36

How does ADH increase water reabsorption in the kidney?

Back 36

It stimulates an Increase in # of H20 channels in the distal convoluted tubules & collecting tubules. The tubules move H20 back to capillaries. Decreased osmolarity & increased BV and BP.

Front 37

What is the short-term effect of increased osmolarity of the blood on blood pressure?

Back 37

The excitation of thirst centers in hypothalamus stimulate person to drink more H20 & rehydrate blood and extracellular fluid, restoring blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

Front 38

When blood volume and blood pressure are increased, do the following increase or decrease?
a. Renin release from the kidney ________.
b. Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I _______.
c. Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II _______.
d. Aldosterone release from the adrenal gland _______.
e. Sodium reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood _______.
f. Water reabsorption _______.
g. Blood volume and blood pressure _______.

Back 38

all decrease

Front 39

When blood volume and blood pressure are decreased, do the following increase or decrease?
a. Renin release from the kidney ________.
b. Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I _______.
c. Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II _______.
d. Aldosterone release from the adrenal gland _______.
e. Sodium reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood _______.
f. Water reabsorption _______.
g. As a result blood volume and blood pressure _______.

Back 39

all increase

Front 40

When there is an increase in dehydration, are the following increased or decreased?
a. Body water _______.
b. Blood volume and blood pressure _______.
c. Blood osmolarity _______.
d. ADH release from the pituitary _______.
e. Water permeability of the kidney tubules _______.
f. Urine output and blood osmolarity _______.
g. As a result, blood volume and blood pressure _______.

Back 40

a. decrease
b. decrease
c. increase
d. increase
e. increase
f. decrease
g. decrease