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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of blood |
Transportation of o, nutrients, waste, hormones, drugs Regulation of body temp, tissue fluid, pH Defense system |
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what is the liquid portion of blood |
Plasma |
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What are erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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What are leukocytes |
White blood cells |
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What are thrombocytes |
Platelets |
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How much plasma makes up the blood sample |
45-78%( 93% of that is water) |
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What is a normal color for plasma |
Clear to straw color |
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What is hematopoiesis |
Production of all blood cells |
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Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults and newborns |
Red bone marrow Liver and spleen(limited ability) |
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Where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus |
Liver and spleen |
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How are blood cells formed |
From hematopoietic stem cells that recieve a chemical or physiological stimuli |
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What is the hormone that stimulate erythrocytes |
Erythropoietin |
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What organ releases erythropoietin |
Kidneys |
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What is the primary solid in rbcs |
Hemoglobin |
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What does rbcs look like in most mammals |
Round, anuclear, biconcave disks |
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What are rbcs composed of |
Heme and globin |
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What give rbcs their color |
Heme |
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What part of rbcs contain Fe+ |
Heme |
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What is globin |
Protein portion of rbcs |
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Where is embryonic hemoglobin (HbE) found |
Developing fetuses |
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When is fetal hemoglobin (HbF) found in the body |
Mid-late gestation and up to a couple months after birth |
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When do you find adult hemoglobin |
Couple weeks to months after birth |
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What is oxyhemoglobin |
hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen |
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What is deoxyhemoglobin |
Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen |
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How is CO2 transported in blood |
Diffuses into carbonic acid in the blood Ionizes into H+ and HCO3- Dexoyhemoglobin accepts H+ HCO3- diffuses into the plasma HCO3- is converted into H2O and CO2 in the lungs |
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What are rbcs life span in dogs |
110 days |
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What are rbcs life span in cats |
68 days |
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What are rbcs life span in horse and sheep |
150 days |
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What are rbcs life span in cow |
160 days |
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What are rbcs life span in mice |
20-30 days |
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What is senescence |
The process of aging |
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What happens during Extravascular hemolysis |
Rbc membrane is destroyed Iron transported to red bone marrow Amino acids are re-used in the liver |
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How is heme broken down in extravascular hemolysis |
Converted into bilirubin and bound to albumin Transported to the liver and converted into glucuronic acid Excreted into the intestines as bile Converted into urobilinogen Eliminated in urin as urobilin or in stool as stercobilin |
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What happens in intravascular hemolysis |
Fragmentation of rbcs Hemoglobin released into the blood Hemoglobin will attached to haptoglobin Transported to the liver If there is excess hemoglobin in the blood it is eliminated in the urine |
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What is Hemoglobinemia |
Excess unconjugated hemoglobin in the plasma |
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What is Hemoglobinuria |
Hemoglobin eliminated in urine |
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What is anemia |
Decreased o carrying capacity of the blood |
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What causes anemia |
Blood loss Increased RBC destruction Decreased rbc production |
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What is polycythemia |
Increased number of rbcs |
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What are the three types of polycythemia |
Compensatory polycythemia Polycythemia rubra vera Relative polycythemia |
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What is relative polycythemia |
Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss |
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What is compensatory polycythemia |
Results of hypoxia |
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What is polycythemia rubra vera |
Rare bone disorder; unknown cause |
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What are platelets |
Cystoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes |
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What is thrombopoiesis |
Platelet production |
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Why are platelets multinucleated and abundant cytoplasm |
They undergo incomplete mitosis |
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What does the granules in platelets contain |
Some clotting factors and Ca |
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What are the functions of platelets |
Maintain vascular integrity Fomation of platelet plug Stabilize the hemostaic plug |
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Where does leukopoiesis occur |
Red bone marrow |
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what are the different types of leukocytes |
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte B cell T cell |
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What is granulopoiesis |
Production of the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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What are the characteristics of neutrophils |
Polymorphonuclear cells Most numerous WBCs in circulation Neutral staining |
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How can you tell the difference bw a mature and immature neurophil |
Mature cells will have 2-5 nuclear segments connected by chromatin Immature cells nuclear will be horseshoe shaped with no segmentation |
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What is the function of nuetrophils |
Phagocytosis |
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What does diapedesis |
Processed used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces |
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Chemotaxis |
Process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection |
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Hydrogen peroxide is produced by |
Neutrophils |
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What is myeloperoxidase |
Chemical that enhances the bactericidal action of hydrogen peroxide |
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What cell uses myeloperoxidase |
neutrophils |
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What is circulating pool |
Neurophils within lumen of blood vessels |
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What is marginal pool |
Neurophils line the walls of small blood vessels mainly the spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs |
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What are the characteristics of eosinophil |
Red granules 0-5% of white blood cells Segmented nucleus ( 2 lobes)
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Where does eosinophil develop |
Bone marrow from pluripotent stem cell |
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What is the shape of the granule in eosinophils |
Dogs: round with pale staining Cats: small, rod-shaped Horses: large, round or oval-shaped Cattle, sheep, and pigs: round, small |
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What are the functions of eosinophils |
Anti-inflammatory Immunity Phagocytosis |
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What is eosinopenia |
Decreased eosinophila numbers |
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What are the characteristics of basophils |
Blue granules Least often seen WBC 2-3 lobes |
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What do the basophil granules contain |
Histamine and heparin |
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What does histamine do |
Helps initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions |
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What does heparin do |
Acts as a localized anticoagulant to keep blood flowing to an injured or damaged area |
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What is basophilia |
Allergic or hypersensitivity reaction in tissue |
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What is basopenia |
Decreased basophil numbers |
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What are the characteristics of monocyte |
5-6% of circulating WBC Largest WBC Stains gray-blue Pleomorphic nucleus |
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What are the functions of monocyte |
Phagocytic cells: Remove cellular debris Process certain antigens Ingest foreign sub
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What is mononuclear phagocyte system (mps) |
Tissue macrophages and monocytes |
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What is monocytosis |
Increased number of monocytes in peripheral blood |
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What is monocytopenia |
Decreased number of monocytes in peripheral blood |
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Lymphocytes are the primary circulating WBC in |
ruminants and pigs |
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Are lymphocytes phagocytic |
No |
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What are the different types of lymphocytes |
T-lymphocytes (t cells) B-lymphocytes (b cells) Natural Killer (nk cells) |
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Where are lymphocytes processed |
In the Thymus |
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What is thymocytes |
Pre-T cells in the thymus |
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What are the functions of T cells |
Cell-mediated immunity Activating B cell |
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What are the functions of B cells |
Antibody production
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B cells are normally found in |
Lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures |
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What is humoral immunity |
B cells recognizing an antigen and trans forming into plasma cells |
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What is the process activated B cells transforming into plasma cells called |
Blastic transformation |
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What do plasma cells do |
Produce, store, and release antibodies |
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What do Natural killer cells do |
Kill some types of tumor cells and viruses if they come into direct contact |
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What are the characteristics of lymphocyte cells |
Large or small No cytoplasmic granules Nucleus is round or oval and non-segmented |
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How do you differentiate bw large and small lymphocyte cells |
Large cells have abundant sky-blue cytoplasm Small have a scant amount of cytoplasm |
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What is lymphocytosis |
Increased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood |
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What is lymphopenia |
Decreased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood |
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What cell(s) can become memory cells |
Both T cells and B cells |
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Where are the memory cells stored |
Lymphoid tissue |
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What are the actions of the immune system |
Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign cells Lysis of foreign cell membranes Inactivation of pathogenic organisms or chem sub Precipitation or agglutination of cells or molecules |
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What are nonspecific immunity |
Mechanical barriers Chemical barriers Inflammatory response NK cells Interferon Phagocytosis |
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What is interferon |
Protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus; inhibits further development and spread of the virus |
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What is complement |
Group of enzymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of an antibody to an antigen |
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What is complement fixation |
Cascade of reactions that results in antigen lysis |
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What is specific immunity |
The activation of cells to produce antibodies |
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What are the types of immunoglobulins |
IgG-made during first exposure IgM-Made when exposed for a long time or second time IgA-Can enter tissue fluids IgE-Associated with an allergic response IgD-function is unknown |
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What is passive immunity |
Receiving preformed antibodies |
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How is passive immunity obtain |
Mother to fetus transplacentally Ingestion of colostrum |
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Are memory cells produced from passive immunity |
NO |
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What is active immunity |
Exposure to antigen that triggers animal's own immune response |
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What type of immunity produces memory cells |
Active immunity |
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What does lymph consist of |
Blood cells Nutrients Hormones |
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What is the lymphatic system |
A series of vessels and ducts that carries excess tissue fluid to blood vessels near the heart where fluid is put back into the heart |
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What are the characteristics of lymph |
Transparent fluid More water, electrolytes, and sugar than plasma |
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What is chyle |
Lymph from the digestive system |
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system |
Removal of excess tissue fluid Waste material transport Filtration of lymph Protein transport |
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What is the cortex of lymph nodes |
Location of resident lymphocytes |
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What are lymph nodules |
Clusters of lymphocytes around periphery of the node |
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Afferent means |
Toward the node |
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Efferent means |
Away from the node |
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What is the medulla |
Contains tissue macrophages embedded in a coarse fibrous mesh |
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What is the largest lymphoid organ |
Spleen |
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Where is the spleen located |
Left side of the abdomen |
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What is the interior of the spleen divided into |
White pulp Red pulp |
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What is white pulp |
Localized areas of lymphoid tissue |
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What is red pulp |
Blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood sinuses |
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What are the functions of the spleen |
Blood storage in the red pulp Removal of foreign material from circulation Removal of dead, dying and abnormal rbcs Lymphocyte cloning |
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Where is the thymus located |
Caudal neck and cranial thoracic region on either side of the trachea |
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What does the thymus process |
Thymocyctes and T-cells |
