Blood, Immunity, Genetics

Front 1

The percentage of rbc in a blood sample is called the ____

Back 1

hematocrit

45% rbc - hematocrit
1% - wbc and platelets
55% - plasma
p. 523

Front 2

The most abundant type of plasma protein is _____

Back 2

albumin

albumin is important determinant of osmotic pressure of plasma, p. 535

Front 3

A blood clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood flow is called an__

Back 3

embolus, p. 541

thrombus - blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
embolus - clot that dislodges or a fragment of clot that breaks loose and is carried away by blood flow
embolism - what happens when emboli lodges and blocks blood flow.

Front 4

When hemoglobin molecules are decomposed a greenish pigment called ____ is formed

Back 4

biliverdin

Front 5

the test in which the percentage of various types of leukocytes in a blood sample is determined is the ____ white blood cell count

Back 5

differential p. 533

Front 6

Platelets tend to stick to the _____ in connective tissue

Back 6

collagen p. 538

Front 7

Normally the most common type of leukocyte in a blood sample is the _

Back 7

neutrophil p. 531

Front 8

___ is a powerful anticoagulant released by the basophils and mast cells

Back 8

heparin

- interferes w/ formation of prothrombin activator, prevents the action of thrombin on fibrinogen, & promotes removal of thrombin by antithrombin and fibrin absorption, p. 542

Front 9

the hormone released from the kidneys that promotes the production of rbc is _____

Back 9

erythropoietin

Front 10

The process by which bleeding is stopped is

Back 10

hemostasis

Front 11

The precipitation factor in all inflammatory response is

Back 11

to agglutinate p. 627?

Front 12

the foreign substances that trigger immune responses are called

Back 12

antigen p.628

Front 13

is the condition caused by an accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces

Back 13

edema

Front 14

the widely distributed phagocytic cells that remain fixed in position constitute the _____ tissue

Back 14

macrophages

Front 15

lymph nodes serve as centers for the producion of antibodies, which act against foreign particles carried in lymph _____

Back 15

sinus

lymph sinuses - spaces in lymph node that provide complex network of chambers and channels through which lymph circulates, p. 622

Front 16

a substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a

Back 16

vaccine p. 638

Front 17

excessive tissue fluid is returned to venous circulation by means of

Back 17

lymph vessels

Front 18

inheritance is due to recessive gene located on x chromosomes

Back 18

x-linked

Front 19

The most common type of immunoglobulin is

Back 19

IgG p. 634

Front 20

A gene that is not express in the heterozygous condition is

Back 20

recessive

Front 21

Incomplete dominance is defined as

Back 21

gene pairs occuring in two forms that are expressed differently and neither is dominant to the other

Front 22

A newborn infant may have some defense against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from it's mothers

Back 22

milk

Front 23

In order for a recessive trait to be expressed, a person must

Back 23

inherit two recessive genes for a trait

Front 24

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels pass is called the

Back 24

hilum p. 621

Front 25

The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of

Back 25

fibrinogen to fibrin p. 539

Front 26

which of the plasma proteins has its function properly described

Back 26

beta globulins-transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Front 27

which of the following is true in regard to the determination of the gender of a baby

Back 27

the sex chromosome in the sperm determines the gender of the baby

Front 28

as a result of polycythemia, the blood flow

Back 28

decreases and hemoglobin becomes more deoxygentated

(polycythemia - overproduction of rbcs)

Front 29

If an egg cell without and x chromosome is fertilized by an x bearing sperm cell, this will result in

Back 29

Turners Syndrome

(XO syndrome, p.929)

Front 30

lymph nodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the

Back 30

central nervous system

Front 31

cell mediated immunity is a process whereby

Back 31

T-cells attach themselves directly to antigens and destroy them

Front 32

injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide

Back 32

artificially acquired passive immunity p.638

Front 33

which of the following is not needed for the formation of a blood clot

Back 33

albumin

Front 34

blood platelets

Back 34

all; release serotonin, lack nuclei, number from 130 k to 360 k per mm2 of blood p.534

Front 35

the presence of the Y chomosome in a cell promotes the synthesis of the __ protein which results in the _____

Back 35

h-y antigen; development of testes

Front 36

following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are

Back 36

b-cells only p.637

Front 37

the release of tissue thromboplastin initiates

Back 37

the extrinsic clotting mechanism p.539

Front 38

the most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are

Back 38

neutrophils and monocytes

Front 39

which of the following is an agranulocyte

Back 39

a monocyte

Agranulocytes: monocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, (p. 525 Figure 14.4)

Granulocytes: neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

Front 40

hemophilia

Back 40

all; lack of clotting factor, appears most often in males, can result in large intramusculare meatomas, blood in the urnie, and bleeding into joints

Front 41

tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______

Back 41

forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries and rich in proteins and foreign particles

Front 42

the spleen is much like a lymph node except that the spleen

Back 42

filters blood

Front 43

the form of anemia that is most likely to be caused by overexposure to ionizing radiation is

Back 43

aplastic anemia

(damaged bone marrow, p.529, Table 14.2)

Front 44

The cells called Cytotoxic T-cells destroy

Back 44

cancer and virus containing cells

Front 45

The antibodies involed in allergic reactions

Back 45

belong to the immunoglobulin E group p.639

Front 46

when the alleles of a gene pair are different they are said to be

Back 46

heterozygous

Front 47

an individual who is homozygous is dominant for a trait that can be symbolized

Back 47

AA

Front 48

Plasma cells function to

Back 48

produce antibody molecules

Front 49

what is the difference between serum and plasma

Back 49

plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not

serum is plasma minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors, p. 541

Front 50

erythroblastsosis fetalis is most likely to become a problem in rh-negative mothers as a

Back 50

second rh-positive fetus develops

Front 51

which of the following formed elements releases serotonin

Back 51

platelets

Front 52

cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing a substance that affects

Back 52

cell membranes

Front 53

The spleen

Back 53

all; is the largest lymphatic organ, contains numberours phagocytic cells, contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules

Front 54

which of the following would not be a possible blood type for a baby of a mother with type ab and a father with type b blood

Back 54

O

Front 55

the primary functions of lymph include

Back 55

both returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes

Front 56

genes that cause abnormal development and the death of an individual are called

Back 56

lethal genes

Front 57

a lymphatic obstruction can lead to edema by

Back 57

proteins accumulating and increasing the osmotic pressure of the tissue fluid

Front 58

T-lymphocytes are responsible for

Back 58

cell-mediated immunity

Front 59

if the parent genotypes are Aa and Aa the offspring are expected to be

Back 59

1/4 AA, 1/2 Aa, 1/4 aa

Front 60

Vitamin K

Back 60

is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin

Front 61

prolonged use of certain drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen may be associated with a tendany to bleed excessively because these drugs inhibit the activity of

Back 61

platelets

Front 62

the lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

Back 62

arm and mammary gland

Front 63

as a consequennce of starvation or a protein deficient diet, the blood protein concentration

Back 63

decreases and water accumulates in tissue spaces

Front 64

an antigen is _____ whereas an antibody is ____

Back 64

a foreign substance such as a protein or polycaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate them

Front 65

when the alleles of a gene pair are identical they are said to be

Back 65

homogzygous

Front 66

nondisjunction can result in chromosome disorders due to the fact that

Back 66

some cells have too many chromosomes and others have too few

Front 67

platelets are best described as

Back 67

cytoplasmic fragments of cells

Front 68

biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from a breakdown of rbc's, biliverdin is ___ in color and bilirubin is ____ in color

Back 68

greenish; orange

Front 69

when is the chromosome number reduced by one-half during gametogenesis

Back 69

during the first meiotic division

Front 70

a primary function of lymphocytes is to

Back 70

act against foreign substances

Front 71

of the following which are most active as phagocytes

Back 71

neutrophils

Front 72

the origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is

Back 72

half from a sperm cell and half form an egg cell

Front 73

oxyhemoglobin is __ in color whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ____ in color

Back 73

bright red; bluish

Front 74

which of the following is the same for mature human spermatozoa and ova

Back 74

the number of chromosomes in the cell

Front 75

in an autoimmune disease the immune response is directed toward

Back 75

self-antigens

Front 76

which of the folowing are correct concerning the granulocytes

Back 76

all; larger than an rbc, contain granules in the cytoplasm, formed in the red bone marrow

Front 77

autosomes number

Back 77

22 pairs

(23rd pair are sex chromosomes) p. 918

Front 78

sickle-cell anemia is caused by

Back 78

an abnormal form of rbc

Front 79

two major factors that influence the development of individual characteristics are

Back 79

heredity and environment

Front 80

x-linked genes are always expressed more frequently in males than in females due to the fact that

Back 80

there is no allele on y chromosomes

Front 81

if the parent genotypes are AA and aa the offspring are expected to be

Back 81

all Aa

Front 82

the type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing the disease is

Back 82

naturally acquired active immunity

Front 83

the formation of lymph is increases as a result of

Back 83

increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid

Front 84

if lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to

Back 84

become edematous

Front 85

genotype is defined as the

Back 85

combination of genes in a zygote p. 920

Front 86

newborns are sometimes exposed to fluorescent lights as treatment for

Back 86

physiologic juandice

Front 87

to avoid AIDS infections, helathcare workers should

Back 87

avoid contact with patients body fluids

Front 88

homologous pairs of chromosomes are

Back 88

chromosomes from the mother and father that contain simlar genetic information

Front 89

interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides produced by cells in response to the presence of

Back 89

viruses

(in response to virus or tumor cells, p. 626)

Front 90

the percentage of solids in a sample of human blood is normally

Back 90

45%

Front 91

an egg cell with xx chromosomes is fertilized by a y bearing sperm and results in an individual with ____ which is characterized by ______

Back 91

klinefelters syndrom; tall stature, feminine musculature, and partial development of the breasts

Front 92

the final step in the formation of a blood clot is

Back 92

that thrombin converts fiibrinogen to fibrin p.540

Front 93

a vaccine produces its effects by

Back 93

stimulating a primary immune response

Front 94

which of the following is not a tissue response associated with inflammation

Back 94

nearby blood vessels become constricted

Front 95

leukocytosis is an increase in wbc above 10 k per mm2 of blood and can occur

Back 95

all; during emotional disturbances, following vigorous activity, during acute infections

Front 96

which is an example of a specific body defense mechanism

Back 96

immunity

Front 97

an example of homozygous gene pair is

Back 97

aa

Front 98

a positive tuberculin skin test indicates that the person

Back 98

has been exposed to the mycobacteria that causes tuberculosis

Front 99

the functions of the lymphatic system do not include

Back 99

transporting hormones to interstinal smooth muscle

Front 100

heparin prevents the clotting of blood by

Back 100

inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen

(interferes with formation of prothrombin activator, prevents the action of thrombin on fibrinogen, and promotes removal of thrombin by antithrombin and fibrin absorption, p. 542)

Front 101

the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

Back 101

lymphocytes and macrophages

Front 102

blood vessel spasms following an injury are stimulated by

Back 102

serotonin released from platelets

Front 103

the form of anemia that is caused by a lack of dietary iron is called

Back 103

Iron deficiency anemia

pernicious anemia - caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 p. 529, Table 14.2

Front 104

vitamin B12 is a poorly absorbed in the absence of

Back 104

intrinsic factor

(causes pernicious anemia, p.529)

Front 105

the normal wbc is

Back 105

5-10 k cells per mm2

Front 106

two substances that are useful for dissolving blood clots are

Back 106

urokinase and streptokinase

Front 107

the biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the

Back 107

red blood cells

Front 108

if body cells lack LDL receptors, the plasma concentration of LDL molecules

Back 108

increases and blood cholesterol increases

LDL - low-density lipoprotein; they bind cholesterol and activate negative feedback system that temporarily halts cell's production of cholesterol,
p. 608

Front 109

which of the following is the correct sequence for the development of red blood cells

Back 109

hemocytoblast, erythroblast, erythyrocyte

(hematopoietic stem cells = hemocytoblast, p.525)

Front 110

the condition called thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of

Back 110

platelets

(platelet count drops below 100k platelets per ml of blood; symptoms: bleeding easily, capillary hemorrhages, petechiae; p. 542)

Front 111

the condition called cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of

Back 111

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 112

patients with leukemia have a tendency to bleed because they have a deficiency of

Back 112

platelets

Front 113

as a platelet plug forms, platelet release the vasoconstricting substance called

Back 113

serotonin

Front 114

agglutinogen of the various blood types are examples of

Back 114

antigens

Front 115

type ab blood contains

Back 115

agglutinogen a and b

Front 116

erythroblastsosis fetalis can be prevented by treating

Back 116

rh-negative mothers with anti-rh agglutinin

Front 117

polycythemia is possibly cause by high altitude excessive loss of body fluids and abnormally large number of rbc in red cell forming tissues

Back 117

t

Front 118

autoimmune diseases are more common in older people whose infectious agents cause alteration of body proteins that stimulate antibody production

Back 118

t

Front 119

the fraction of plasma proteins that contains the antibodies of immunity is alpha globulin

Back 119

f (gamma-globulin)

Front 120

imunoglobulin A is commonly found in the secretions of endocrine glands

Back 120

f (exocrine)

Front 121

histamine causes an increase in the permeability of capillary walls

Back 121

t

histamine vasodilates the metarterioles & increases capillary permeability, p. 579

Front 122

the y chromosome is relatively small when compared to the x chromosome

Back 122

t

Front 123

a rbc contains a large nucleus it is thicker near the center and thin around the rim of the cell

Back 123

f

rbc lacks nuclei; biconcave disks, thin near their centers and thicker around their rims, p. 526

Front 124

during the primary immune response, B-lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells

Back 124

t

(An activated B-cell proliferates after stimulation of cytokines released by helper T cells. B cell's clone enlarges --> differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies OR memory cells), p. 633

Front 125

nonspecific resistance includes mechanical barriers and the actions of enzymes whereas specific resistance is immunity against specific desease causing agents

Back 125

t

Front 126

the outcome with exposure to a teratogen depends on the interaction between the teratogenic influences, the maternal organism, and the geral placental unit

Back 126

t

Front 127

the most common type of reticuloendothelial cell is a macrophage

Back 127

t

Front 128

persons with type AB blood are sometiems called universal donor

Back 128

f

type AB persons - universal recipients
type O persons - universal donors, p. 546

Front 129

skin color is infuenced by polygenic inheritance

Back 129

t

Front 130

the thymus tends to increase in size after puberty

Back 130

f (decreases in size)

Front 131

macrophages represent a type of reticuloendothelial cell

Back 131

T

Front 132

in an adult rbc are produced primarily in the liver

Back 132

f (red bone marrow)

Front 133

the total number of chromosomes found wihtin a human zygote is 23

Back 133

f (46, 23 pairs)

Front 134

the thymus is located within the mediastinum

Back 134

t

(in the mediastinum, anterior to the aortic arch and posterior to the upper part of the body of the sternum, extends from the root of the neck to the pericardium, p. 623)

Front 135

fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein whereas fibrin is an insoluble protein in thread form

Back 135

t p. 539

Front 136

AIDS impairs a person's immune system because T helper cells are destroyed thereby decreasing the production of antibodies

Back 136

t

Front 137

a normal male has the sex chromosome combination xx

Back 137

f (XY)

Front 138

aplastic anemial results from a malfunction of the red bone marrow and can be caused by over-exposure to x rays and toxic effects of chemicals

Back 138

t p. 529

Front 139

thymosin is thought to stimulate the activity of the thymus gland

Back 139

f (lymphocytes as they leave the thymus)

thymosin - protein hormones that stimulate maturation of T-lymphocytes - see p. 623

Front 140

lymphatic capillaries are thin walled, closed ended tubes

Back 140

t p. 617

Front 141

as a result of an allergen antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine

Back 141

t

Front 142

non-protein nitrogenous substances include amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatininie

Back 142

t

Front 143

if one parent has sickle cell anemia and the other parent is normal, the chances of a child with sickle cell anemia is 50%

Back 143

f

sickle cell anemia is a recessive allele - so sick parent has aa. The normal parent can have either AA or Aa; so chances of child having sickle cell anemia would depend on which alleles the normal parent has. If normal parent has Aa, then chances are 50%, if normal parent has AA, then there is 0% chance the child will have it, but all will be carriers.

Front 144

normal immune responses require the presence of both T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

Back 144

t

Front 145

co2 is transported in the blood in a dissolved state attached to hemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions

Back 145

t

Front 146

cells that move toward chemicals released by damaged cells are said to demonstarate positive chemotaxis

Back 146

t

chemotaxis effect - attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the region of where antibodies combined with antigens, p. 636

Front 147

oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin

Back 147

f

almost all oxygen (over 98%) is carried in blood bound to hemoglobin in rbcs, p. 762

Front 148

low-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol

Back 148

t

Front 149

carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen

Back 149

t

Front 150

an erythrocyte is about 1/3 hemoglobin by volume

Back 150

t

Front 151

heparin functions as an anticoagulant by interfering with the formation of prothrombin activator

Back 151

t

interferes w/ formation of prothrombin activator, prevents the action of thrombin on fibrinogen, & promotes removal of thrombin by antithrombin and fibrin absorption, p. 542

Front 152

vitamin B12 is important for the production of rbc because it is utilized in the syntehsis of intrinsic factor

Back 152

f

vit B12 is required for the DNA synthesis of rbcs; intrinsic factor is required for vit B12 to be absorbed into the small intestine, p. 529

Front 153

the greatest amount of co2 transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide

Back 153

f (bicarbonate ion, p. 766)

Front 154

carbonic acid

Back 154

produced by the rxn of co2 and h2o

Front 155

hemoglobin

Back 155

iron-containing molecules

Front 156

CO (carmon monoxide)

Back 156

toxic gas

Front 157

bicarbonate ion

Back 157

produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid

Front 158

water molecule

Back 158

responsible for surface tension between adjacent membranes