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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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When blood glucose levels remain too high ( elevated) over a long period of time(chronic), what happens to the endothelium cells? What does it lead to? |
The endothelium cells take in more glucose than normal. 1.It leads to damage of the blood vessels 2. It leads to atherosclerosis which leads to further complications such as CVD ,stroke, peripheral vascular disease. 3. Small blood vessels damaged by elevated glucose levels may result in haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina, renal failure or peripheral nerve dysfunction.
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How are blood glucose levels controlled? |
The pancreas monitors the concentration of glucose in the blood . Receptor cells in the pancreas detect changes in blood glucose concentration. |
Pancreas, receptor cells |
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Explain what happens when blood glucose increases?( above the norm) |
Pancreatic receptor cells respond by increasing the secretion of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood to the liver. Insulin activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen( an insoluble storage carbohydrate). Blood glucose concentration decreases. |
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Explain what happens when blood glucose decreases? |
Pancreatic receptor cells respond by increasing the secretion of the hormone glucagon. Glucagon travels in the blood to the liver. Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Blood glucose concentration increases. ( returning to the norm) |
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Explain briefly how blood glucose levels are controlled during exercise and fight or flight responses. |
During exercise and fight or flight responses, the body needs additional supplies of glucose to provide energy quickly. The adrenal glands secrete the hormone adrenaline. Adrenalin stimulates secretion of glucagon and inhibits insulin secretion, thus promoting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Once the situation is over, adrenaline levels return to a minimum and the normal homeostatic control of blood glucose control resumes. |
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What is diabetes? |
Diabetes is a condition whereby sufferers are unable to control their blood glucose levels. |
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What is the normal blood glucose concentration? |
Around 5 mmol/litre |
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If diabetes is untreated, what could be the concentration of blood glucose levels rising? |
10-30 mmol/l |
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What are the types of diabetes? |
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |
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Explain what happens in type 1 diabetes |
The percentage of all cases of diabetes is 5-10% It occurs in Childhood Their typical body mass is normal. Their ability of pancreatic receptors to produce insulin is absent. They are sensitive. Cells have a normal number of insulin receptors on their surface and respond to insulin. Can be treated by having regular doses of insulin (careful diet). |
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Explain what occurs in type 2 diabetes |
The percentage of all cases of diabetes is 90-95% It occurs in adulthood. The typical body mass of sufferer is overweight/obese. The ability of pancreatic receptors to produce insulin is present. They are less sensitive. Cells have a decreased number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen. Type 2 diabetes can be treated by exercising, reducing weight and a diet(in some cases insulin) |
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After a meal, what happens to the individual blood glucose concentrations in both types of diabetes? |
They rise rapidly |
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What is often used as an indicator of diabetes? |
Testing urine for glucose. |
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What is used to diagnose diabetes? |
Glucose tolerance test |
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How is diabetes diagnosed? |
The blood glucose levels are measured after a period of fasting (~8 hrs) The individual then drinks a glucose solution and changes in their blood glucose concentration are measured for at least the next 2 hours. The blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non- diabetic The blood glucose concentration of a diabetic also takes longer to return to normal or its starting concentration. |
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Define Obesity? |
Obesity is a major risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease and for type 2 diabetes |
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What is obesity characterised by? |
Excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue(muscle) |
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What is Obesity measured by? |
Body Mass Index(BMI) |
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The formula for BMI is? |
Body Mass(kg) ÷ height squared(m²) |
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A BMI greater than 30 indicates? |
Obesity |
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BMI doesn't take what into account? |
Muscle Mass |
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Give some most common cause of obesity. |
High fat diet Decreased Physical Activity Genetics Psychological,environmental factors |
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How can Obesity be treated? |
•Reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure •The energy intake in the diet should limit fats(as fats have a high calorific value per gram)and free sugars(as they require no metabolic energy to be expended to digest them) |
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Mention some benefits of exercise |
Exercise increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue Reduces risk factors for CVD by:- Keeping weight under control Minimising stress Reducing hypertension Improving blood lipid profiles |
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