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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
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fluid (blood)
series of conducting tubes (blood vessels) a pump (heart) |
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What is the function of blood?
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-transportation, regulation, protection
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What is blood?
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fluid connective tissue
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What are the four componenets of blood?
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RBC's, WBC's, platelets, plasma
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How does the blood function as transportation?
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1. oxygen from lungs to tissues and cabon dioxide from tissues to lungs; nutrients from GI cells to rest of body, wast from all cells to organs for elimination; hormones from endocrine glands to all parts of body
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How does the blood act as regulation?
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regulates body temp, pH, osmotic regulation; homeostasis in all parts of the body
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How does the blood function in protection?
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from pathogens or foreign bodies, clotting factors
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What percentage of the blood are formed elements?
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37-54 percent
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What percent of the blood is plasma?
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46-63%
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What are the components of plasma?
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majority is water 91%, 7% blood proteins, albumin, fibrinogen and globulin
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What does albumin do?
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transport protein
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What does fibrinogen aid in?
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clotting
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What does globulin do?
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antibody for immune response
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What is plasma composed of?
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plasma proteins:albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
other solutes:electrolytes, organic nutritents, organic wasteds |
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What are the formed elements of the blood?
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platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
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What are the five types of white blood cells?
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neutrophils, eosinophis, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
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What is bloods high viscosity a result of?
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interactions among dissolved proteins, formed elementss, and water molecules in the plasma
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Is blood alkaline or basic?
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alkaline
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What is the pH of blood?
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between 7.35 and 7.45
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What are the two differences between plasma and interstitial fluid?
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1. the levels of respiratory gases
2. concentration and types of dissolved proteins |
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What is hematocrit?
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the precentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements
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What percentage of hematocrit does the RBC's make up of the hematocrit?
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99.9%
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What are the most common formed elements?
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RBC's
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What do red blood cells contain?
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hemoglobin
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How much of the bodys total composition of cells does red blood cells account for?
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one third
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What is the shape of a red blood cell?
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biconcave disc
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What does the shape of a red blood cell do for its functioning?
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1. increases surface area
2. allows to form stacks for easier flow through the blood vessels 3. flexiblity in capillaries |
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What are stacks of RBC's known as?
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rouleaux
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What do red blood cells lack in composition?
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nucleus and organelles
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What is the significance of an RBC lacking a nucleus?
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there is no protein synthesis so they cant reproduce, cell life is typically 120 days
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What is the significance of the RBC's lacking organelles
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-cant carry on cellular activities
-anaerobic -lot of space to carry oxygen -focuses on the transport of respiratory gases |
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What is the purpose of the plasma membrane antigens?
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they are genetically determined proteins in the plasma membrane that give us our blood type
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What is hemoglobin?
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protien that carries oxygen, the pigment that makes our blood red
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What is the structure of hemoglobin?
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4 polypeptide chains-two alpha and two beta
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What does each subunit contain?
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a molecule of heme
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What does each heme have and what is the significance?
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an iron molecule and this is what binds the oxygen
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How many oxygen are there per hemoglobin?
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4 hemes= 4 oxygen molecules
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What color is blood containing RBCs filled with oxyhemoglobin?
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bright red
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how many hemoglobin molecules does each RBC contain?
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280 million
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What is the rupture of RBC's called?
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hemolysis
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What happens when abnormally large numbers of RBC's break down in the bloodstream? What is this called?
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urine turns red or brown (hemoglobinuria)
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What is the role of macrophages?
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monitor the condition of circulating RBC's
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When do macrophages engulf RBC's?
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before they hemolyze
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Where are macrophages located?
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spleen, liver, bone marrow
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What is bilirubin?
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a heme unit stripped of its iron
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What does bilirubin bind to in the bloodstream?
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albumin
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What does iron that is extracted from heme molecles bind to in the blood stream?
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transferrin
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What happens if bile ducts are blocked or the liver cant process bilirubin?
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bilirubin diffuses into peripheral tissues (jaundice)
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What is erythropoiesis?
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blood cell formation
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Where does erythropoiesis occur?
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red bone marrow
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What is the relationship between erythropoisis and red blood cell destruction?
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occur at the same pace
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What is the controlled condition in the negative feedback regulation?
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the level of oxygen delivered to the body tissues
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What occurs when there are decreased levels of oxygen?
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stimulates kidneys to increase release of erythropoietin
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What is blood type determined by?
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presence or abscence of specific surface antigens on RBC's
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What are antigens?
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substances that can trigger an immune response
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What are most antigens?
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proteins
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What do plasma membranes of your cells contain?
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surface antigens
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What are surface antigens?
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substances that your immune system recognizes as yourself
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What are the four blood types?
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A, B, AB, O
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What happens if surface antigens of one blood type are exposed to corresponding antibodies of another blood type?
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the RBC's will clump together (agglutination) and may result in hemolysis
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What is the result of the mothers antibodies against the babys antigens?
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hemolytic disease of the newborn
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What properties do all white blood cells have?
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-circulate for only a short portion of their life span
-emigration-adhere to all walls, squeeze through endothelial cells, and endter surrounding tissue -all attracted to specific chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis) |
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How are leukocytes named?
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by the stain and whether they are agranular or granular
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What are the three granular types of leukocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?
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monocytes and lymphocytes
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Name the leukocytes in order of prevalence.
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Neutrophils
Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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phagocytic, engulf pathogens or debris in infected tissue
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What is the function of eosinophils?
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phagocytic, engulf antibody labeled materials, reduce inflamation increase in abundance in allergis or parasitic infections
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What is the function of basophils?
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release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation
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What is the function of monocytes?
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become macrophages, engulf pathogens and debris
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What is the function of lymphocytes?
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cells of lymph system; defend against specific pathogens and toxins
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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stem cells found in red bone marrow
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What two types of stem cells come from hemocytoblasts?
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lymphoid and myeloid
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What are platelets?
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cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
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What is the purpose of megakaryocytes?
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to break apart and become platelets
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How do megakaryocytes become platelets
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the enormous cell breaks down and becomes membranous sacs with vesicles
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what is the role of platelets?
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initiate blood clotting
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How many pieces can one megakaryocyte break apart into?
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2,000 to 3,000 pieces
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What is hemostasis responsible for?
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stopping blood loss through the walls of damaged vessels
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What are the three stages of hemostasis?
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1. vascular spasm
2. platelet phase 3. coagulation phase |
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What occurs during vascular spasm?
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-muscles in the arteriole contract-->vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
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How long does vascular spasm last?
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a couple hours
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What is diapedesis?
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when it can squeeze between our endothelial cells and escape our blood to go to the tissues
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What occurs during the platelet phase?
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-platelet adhesion
-platelet releases reaction; when it releases its vescicles, causes vasocontriction and forms a plug that will not last -platelet aggregation (start building up on eachother) |
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What occurs in the coagulation phase
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-complex cascade of enzymatic reactions
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What are the two pathways of coagulation?
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intrinsic pathway and extrisic pathway
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What is the intrinsic pathway?
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begins inside the vessel there is a cascade reaction that brings it to a main vessel to activate factor X
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Is factor x always active?
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no it is inactive until we activate it
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What is the extrinsic pathway?
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release of tissue factor that combines with calcium and antoher clotting factor to form an enzyme complex capable of activating factor x
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