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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of erythrocytes?
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- transport O2 and CO2
- assist in acid-base balance - flexible shape - 120 day life cycle - erythropoiesis is stimulated by hypoxia and controlled by erythropoietin; requires protein, folate, cobalamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine - kidneys will excrete folic acid if there's too much |
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What is the function of reticulocytes?
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- immature erythrocytes
- mature in 48 hours |
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What is the function of leukocytes?
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- 5000-10000 is normal level
- granulocytes --> phagocytosis - differentiate by subgroups - CBC with differential |
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What is the function of thrombocytes?
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- aid in clotting
- respond to internal damage of epithelial wall - lifespan of 5-9 days |
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What is hemostasis?
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- normal clotting mechanism
- vascular response --> immediate local vasoconstriction - platelet response - plasma clotting factors float in plasma - antiplatelets drugs keep platelets from getting sticky - anticoagulants retard the reformation of clots - over time the clots will get smaller - fibrinolysis zaps all clots - makes person prone to bleeding |
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What are some key characteristics of anemias?
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- Causes: blood loss, impaired production of erythrocytes, increased destruction of RBCs
- Mild: Hb 10-14 g/dl. May be asymptomatic, palpitations, dyspnea, diaphoresis (decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood) - Moderate: Hb 6-10 g/dl. Symptoms may appear with rest as well as activity - Severe: Hb less than 6 g/dl. Multiple body systems involved |
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What is hemolysis?
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- breaking down the blood
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What are some clinical manifestations of anemia?
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- These are compensatory mechanisms
- Integumentary: pallor, jaundice, pruritis - Cardiopulmonary: increased HR and SV, systolic murmurs and bruits, MI, CHF, peripheral edema, ascites, cardiomegaly |
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What is iron deficiency anemia?
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- caused by inadequate dietary intake
- malabsorption - blood loss - hemolysis - results in pallor, Glossitis, Chellitis (inflammation of lips/lip area), headache, paresthesias, burning of tongue - treated with iron PO, if that is not tolerated then central line IV. Also supplements adm. with food. Drug therapy lasts 2-3 months |
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What are key characteristics of cobalamin deficiency (megoblastic anemia)?
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- cobalamin (B12) deficiency: intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of gastric mucosa required for B12 absorption. Pernicious anemia most common cause
- Manifestations: tissue hypoxia, sore tongue, anorexia, N&V, abdominal pain, weakness, paresthesias, impaired thought processes - Diagnostics: RBCs macrocytic and abnormal shape; Schilling Test - radioactive cobalamin given, measures amount excreted in urine - parenteral adm. of B12 necessary: 1000mg/day for 2 weeks, then weekly, then monthly - must protect from injury, burns, trauma |
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What are some key characteristics of folic acid deficiency?
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- Causes: poor nutrition, malabsorption syndromes, drugs, ETOH abuse and anorexia, dialysis
- Manifestations: dyspnea, smooth beefy red tongue, absence of neurologic findings - Diagnostics: low serum folate levels, cobalamin level WDL - Nursing Care: replacement therapy - 1 mg/day; dietary supplements |
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What is aplastic anemia?
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- can be congenital or acquired (especially from chemo)
- Manifestations: fatigue, dyspnea, susceptible to infection, bleeding - Diagnostics: normocytic, normochromic, decreased Hb, WBCs, and platelets; prolonged bleeding time; bone marrow biopsy - Collaborative/Nursing Care: remove causative agent, supportive care, bone marrow transplant, immunosuppression |
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What are some key characteristics of acute blood loss?
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- result of sudden hemorrhage - can lead to hypovolemic shock
- 10% loss: no complications - 50% loss: shock and potential death |
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What are some key characteristics of thrombocytopenia?
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- platelet count is less than 150,000 (250,000 is normal)
- inherited or acquired |
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What is immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)?
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- abnormal destruction of platelets
- autoimmune disease: own system is attacking you - platelets are coated with antibodies destroyed by macrophages in the spleen - most common in women 20-40 yrs old * Treat with immunosuppressant therapy * |
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What is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?
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- hemolytic anemia
- neurologic abnormalities - fever - renal abnormalities *Treat with dialysis* |
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What is heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS)?
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- immune response to heparin
- causes platelet destruction and vascular endothelial injury - body produces clots you don't need - cannot get without taking Heparin - Manifestations: most are asymptomatic, bleeding is most common symptom (epistaxis, gingivial); pettechiae (mottling), ecchymoses, prolonged bleeding, S&S of shock *D/C Heparin, adm. protamine sulfate |
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What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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- Forming blood clots where you don't need them, and vice versa
- decreased perfusion and severe anemia - life threatening - affects all body systems - oozing blood, pettechiae, hematoma - Diagnostics: basic blood labs |
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What are the lymphomas?
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- oma = tumor, doesn't necessarily mean cancer
- Hodgkins Disease: Epstein-Barr Virus, Stage I-IV - Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma: No Reed-Sternburg cell - untreated lymphoma can spread and be lethal |
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What is neoplasia?
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- new cells develop, different than rest
- can be benign or malignant - Benign: stay where they are, don't develop blood supply - Malignant: cancer |
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What are some key characteristics of cancer?
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- # 2 cause of death in US
- most important issue is early diagnosis and treatment - defective cellular proliferation - defect in cellular differentiation |
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What are the three stages of cancer development?
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- 1.) Initiation: d/t carcinogens, radiation, viral carcinogens, genetic susceptibility, hormones, age
- 2.) Promotion: mutations increased, risk factors (obesity, smoking, alcohol, dietary fat) - 3.) Progression: metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, mobility of cancer cells |
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What causes the immune system to sometimes fail?
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- may be too immature, old, or weak
- tumor burden may be too small to recognize - tumor burden may be too great - cancer cells may resemble normal cells - cancer cells produce substances that shield them from recognition - cancer cells may become coated with fibrin - tumor invasion of bone marrow may result in decreased production of lymphocytes - treatment can induce immune suppression |
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How is cancer classified?
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- anatomic site classification
- histolic classification - grade - extent of disease classification |
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What are the 7 Warning Signs of cancer (CAUTION)?
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- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that doesn't heal - Unusual bleeding or discharge - Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing - Obvious change in wart or mole - Nagging cough or hoarseness |
