Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Disease spread throughout the body
|
systemic
|
|
|
bacteria in the blood
|
bacteremia
|
|
|
fungus in the blood
|
fungemia
|
|
|
viruses in the blood
|
viremia
|
|
|
when agent or toxins in the blood cause disease; normally involves active growth of microbes in blood; life threatening
|
septicemia
|
|
|
Type of shock when toxins/agents in the blood cause b/p to drop below level required for normal organ function
|
septic shock
|
|
|
Characteristics: gram (-) rods
Bacteria: yersinia pestis S/S: painful, swollen lymph nodes, purple to black hemorrhages in secondary phase (black death) Vectors: mice and rats (fleas) -killed 1/3 of Europe population in the 1300s |
Bubonic plague
|
|
|
Term that comes from bubo-an intensely painful, swollen lymph node that is packed with immune cells and dying tissue
|
Bubonic
|
|
|
An extremely contagious form of bubonic plague with morality rate of nearly 100% unless treated early; spread via resp aerosols
|
Pneumonic plague
|
|
|
Characteristics: gram (-) rods
Bacteria: Francisella tularensis Vectors: ticks who have taken the blood of infected animals. S/S: ulcer at bite location, swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills and aches 1/10 of infected pts will aquire pnx. TX: most cases resolve without tx |
Tularemia aka rabbit fever (infects those who skin rabbits through their mucous membranes)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Gram (-) coccobacilli; obligate intracellular bacteria
Bacteria: Rickettsia ricketsii Vectors: ticks S/S: headache, muscle/joint pain, fever, pink rash on hands and soles of feet after 1 week that can become hemorrhagic. -Most common in Eastern US |
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
|
|
|
Characteristics: Gram (-) coccobacilli; obligate intracellular bacteria.
Bacteria: Rickettsia prowazekii Vector: Lice TX: bathing, physical removal of lice, no sharing of clothes -profound effect on hx d/t affect on armies |
Typhus (epidemic Typhus)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Gram (-) coccobacilli, obligate intracellular bacteria.
Bacteria: Rickettsia typhi Vector: rats (fleas) S/S: mild fever, headache, general rash. TX: most recover without tx. -Uncommon in humans |
Endemic typhus
|
|
|
Characteristics: Gram (-) coccobacilli, obligate intracellular bacteria.
Bacteria: Coxiella burnetti Vectors: aerosols, contaminated animal fluids including milk S/S: flu-like, may progress to headache, fever, pnx, and endocarditis |
Q fever
|
|
|
Characteristics: Spirochete
Bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi Primary carrier: mice Vector: tick S/S: phase 1-red rash expanding out from bite; phase 2-flu like s/s as it enters the blood stream; phase 3-immune complex disease and arthritis |
Lyme disease
|
|
|
Official name of the bull's eye rash that appears at bite site in the first stage of Lyme disease
|
erythema chronicum migrans
|
|
|
Characteristics: gram (+), staphylococci, aureus.
Bacteria: S. aureus Vector: tampons S/S: confusion, shock TX: abt, frequent changing of tampons |
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Icosahedral, enveloped viruses, RNA
Vectors: misquotes, primarily carried by birds S/S: brain is target organ, encephalitis is the usual outcome |
arboviruses (arthropod borne virus)
|
|
|
Three arboviruses common in the US:
|
St. Louis encephalitis virus, California encephalitis virus and equine encephalitis virus
|
|
|
Arbovirus transmitted from infected horses by misquotes; 50 % mortality rate; primarily found on East coast
|
equine encephalitis virus
|
|
|
An encephalitic virus transmitted by misquotes and found in tropical regions; killed more soldiers in the Spanish American war that warfare did
|
yellow fever virus
|
|
|
Characteristics: Icosahedral, naked Virions, DNA genome.
Spread through: blood, semen Incubation time: 2 weeks to 6 months -10% become chronic carriers -common in hepatocarcinoma pts -Vaccine available |
Hepatitis B (HBV)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Icosahedral, naked Virions, DNA genome
Spread through: blood Incubation time: 2 weeks to 6 months -30% become chronic carriers -primary reason for liver transplants |
Hepatitis C (HCV)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Icosahedral, naked, RNA
-only seen in HBV infected pts |
Hepatitis D (HDV)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Icosahedral, enveloped, RNA
-common in countries with poor sanitation -similar to HAV |
Hepatitis E (HEV)
|
|
|
Characteristics: enveloped virions, DNA, hallmark of latency and recurrence, part of herpes group.
-cause of 90% of infectious mononucleosis -infects B lymphocytes -S/S: no s/s in pts under 15 -Pts with both EBV and malaria more likely to develop Burkitt's lymphoma |
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) aka "kissing disease" or "college disease"
|
|
|
Characteristics: enveloped virions, DNA, hallmark of latency and recurrence, part of herpes group.
-Causes 10% of infectious mononucleosis. -crosses placenta and is found in breast milk -can be reactivated from donor organ S/S: fetal defects including brain damage and loss of hearing TX: Ganciclovier is effective early tx. |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
|
|
|
Nearly 1/3 of all AIDs pts have reactivation of CMV that causes _________ which leads to blindness.
|
retinitis
|
|
|
Characteristics: many; DNA or RNA, Naked or enveloped etc.
S/S: fever and bleeding from many body orifices, rupture or liquification of internal organs -80% fatality rate |
hemorrhagic fevers
|
|
|
Three viruses found in Africa over the last 40 years that cause hemorrhagic fevers
|
Ebola, Lassa fever, and Marburg disease
|
|
|
A virus found in the southwest US in the early 1990s that causes hemorrhagic fevers; deer mouse is primary carrier
|
hantavirus
|
|
|
Where do EBV and CMV remain latent?
|
WBCs
|
|
|
Characteristics: flagellar motility, mosquito vector.
Protist: Plasmodium; plasmodium falciparum in 80% of cases S/S: chills, shivering; then increased temp with headache and delerium and possibly convulsions; finally profuse sweating lowers temp and pt falls asleep and process repeats q 2-3 days. TX: quinine found in tree bark, chloroquine (parasites in liver are resistant to both) |
Malaria (mal:bad, aria: air)
|
|
|
First step in Malaria transmission
|
1. Female Anopheles mosquito acquires male and female gametocytes (sperm and egg cells)
|
|
|
Second step in Malaria transmission
|
2. The gametes mate in and penetrate out through mosquito's stomach and develop into oocysts that contain thousands of sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands
|
|
|
Third step in Malaria transmission
|
3. When mosquito takes another blood meal, sprozoites enter the host, travel rapidly to the liver and transform into about 25 thousand merozoites
|
|
|
Fourth step in Malaria transmission
|
4. The merozoites leave the liver to invade RBCs, where they form a ring structure useful in diagnosis
|
|
|
What is the infection and mortality rate of malaria?
|
-200 million infected annually, resulting in 1-2 million death.
-Half of fatalities are children under 5 |
|
|
What are common causes of death in malaria?
|
anemia, kidney damage, heart attack, or cerebral hemorrhages
|
|
|
Characteristics: Flagellar motility, Tsetse fly vector.
Protozoan: Trypanosoma S/S: severe headache, chronic bouts of fever, wasting, change in behavior; prolonged sleep becomes coma. -Found in Africa |
Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
|
|
|
Characteristics: Flagellar motility, reduviid bug vector.
Protozoan: Trypanosoma cruzi -Death results from heart failure or invasion of the brain causing coma and death -Found in South America |
Chagas' disease aka South American sleeping sickness
|
|
|
Characteristics: nonmotile, spread by cats.
Protozoan: Toxoplasma gondii S/S: lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes and spleen), fever, malaise, sore throat. -Complications are rare except in pregnant women and immunocompromized pts. |
Toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
List possible complications Toxoplasmosis can cause in transplacental infection of a fetus
|
retinitis and blindness, neurological disorders, lesions of internal viscera and abortion
|
|
|
What are the two major body sites for human malarial infection?
|
liver and RBCs
|
|
|
How do Plasmodium species escape the immune system?
|
By switching to express others of the 150 surface protein genes
|
|
|
Characteristics: Enveloped virion, RNA, two copies of the genome in each virion, reverse transcriptase.
Spread by: blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. S/S: initially flu like for up to 6 weeks, then no symptoms; takes 8-10 years to become immunocompromised, high incidence of pnx, TB, and Kaposi's sarcoma TX: Zidovudine (AZT), Nevirapine, saquinavir. |
HIV/AIDS
|
|
|
An enzyme that converts HIV viroin RNA into DNA once inside of host cell; can integrate into host DNA cell to cause latency.
|
reverse transcriptase
|
|
|
Protein to which HIV makes its initial attachment that binds to the T cell receptor and then to a coreceptor called CCR5 to infect CD4 cells
|
gp160
|
|
|
What is the result of the decrease in CD4 cells caused by HIV?
|
memory cells do not develop and other immune cells do not proliferate in response to Ag stimulation.
|
|
|
At what point is a pt considered to have progressed from HIV to AIDS?
|
when helper T cell counts drop from 800/mm cubed to less than 200/mm cubed (one half the number of T cells)
|
|
|
The best known of a class of antivirals used to treat HIV/AIDS that acts against viral reverse transcription to inhibit replication
|
Zidovudine (AZT)
|
|
|
One of the first of a class of drugs that bind directly to reverse transcriptase enzyme to prevent it from acting.
|
Nevirapine
|
|
|
A class of antivirals that prevents the virus protease from breaking down large viral protein molecules into the smaller proteins needed for the assembly of virions; saquinavir
|
protease inhibitor
|
|
|
Use of combination therapy prevents what percentage of HIV/AIDS transmission from pregnant woman to fetus?
|
90%
|
|
|
Mortality/Morbitity
|
-750,000 reported AIDS cases in the US with 440,000 of those deceased and another million HIV +.
-36 million world wide with 22 million dead. -About 47% of new cases world wide are women |
|
|
How does the genome of HIV persist in certain human cells?
|
The reverse transcriptase makes a DNA copy that integrates to become part of the cell genome
|
|
|
What causes the high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS pts?
|
The reactivation of the human herpes virus 8.
|
