Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the cellular components of blood?
|
-Red cells
-White cells -Platelets |
|
|
What are the non cellular components of blood?
|
-Fresh frozen plasma
-Cryoprecipitate -Albumin -Globulins -Clotting factors |
|
|
How are red cells obtained and how much is usually collected?
|
-Obtained by removing plasma in centrifuge process
->240mls |
|
|
How are platelets collected, packaged and stored?
|
-Pooled concentration of platelets from 4 individual donors
-Volume >200ml -Shelf life 5days at room temp. |
|
|
What is the risk with platelets storage?
|
-Prone to bacterial infection
|
|
|
In what conditions are platelets used as prophylaxis treatment?
|
-Bone marrow failure
-Surgery/invasive procedures (with high risk of bleeding) -Platelet function disorders |
|
|
In what conditions are platelets used as therapy?
|
-Bleeding (where thrombocytopenia is considered a contributing factor)
-Massive blood loss (with low platelet count) |
|
|
How is fresh frozen plasma collected and stored?
|
-Seperated and frozen within 18hrs of collection of whole blood
-Should be used immediately post thawing or kept at 2-6degrees for 24hrs |
|
|
What is contained in fresh frozen plasma?
|
-All coagulation factors
|
|
|
What is contained in cryoprecipitate?
|
-Clotting factors (FVIII, FXIII, vWF)
-Fibrinogen -Fibronectin |
|
|
How is cryoprecipitate prepared?
|
-Thaw fresh flozen plasma between 1-6degrees and recover the precipitate
|
|
|
What is the dose of cryoprecipitate in volume and amount of fibrinogen?
|
-30mls
->140mg/unit firbrinogen dose |
|
|
In what conditions is fresh frozen plasma used?
|
-Single factor deficiencies
-Warfarin effect -Acute DIC -Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura -Massive transfusion or cardiac bypass -Liver disease |
|
|
In what conditions is cryoprecipitate used?
|
-Treatment of massice or microvascular bleeding with low fibrinogen
-Hereditart disorders of haemostasis |
|
|
What are the 10 rules of blood transfusion?
|
1. Base decisions on NHMRC guidelines
2. Minimise blood loss 3. In acute blood loss, dont forget to resuscitate the patient while assessing transfusion needs 4. Haemoglobin level is not the only consideration in the decision to transfuse 5. Transfusion is only one element of the patients treatment 6. Be aware of risks of transfusion 7. Transfuse only when the benefits outweigh the risks 8. Clearly record the reasons for transfusion 9. Monitor carefully for adverse events in the first 15mins of the transfusion 10. Obtain informed consent for transfusion of any blood products |
|
|
What are the hazards of blood transfusion?
|
-Immune reactions
-Infective processes -Mechanical risks -Graft vs host reactions |
|
|
What are possible immune reactions to blood transfusions?
|
-Acute haemolytic reactions
-White cell and platelet reactions (often febrile) -Allergic uticarial or protein reactions (anaphylaxis) -Immunosuppression |
|
|
What are the different types of infective processes that can be caused by transfusions?
|
-Viral
-Bacterial -Other |
|
|
What are the mechanical risks of transfusion?
|
-Volume overload
-Air embolus |
|
|
What is means by graft vs host reaction?
|
-Rare case where immune cells from the donor are collected in the specimen and when transfused attack the recipient
|
|
|
What are the most common reactions to blood transfusions?
|
-Urticarial reactions
-Febrile reactions -Volume overload -Transfusion related lung injury -Analphylaxis |
|
|
What are the risks of blood transfusion?
|
-Bacterial contamination of platelets
-Mistransfusion -Malaria -Bacterial contamination of red cells |
|
|
What is the mechanism of transfusion related lung injury?
|
-Occurs because anti-leukocyte antibodies of product cause glutination by WBC of patient and obstruction occurs in first capillary bed (lungs)
-Characterised by hypoxia, bilateral pulmonary oedema, occurs within 2hrs of transfusion and resolves within 24-72hrs |
|
|
What are the 3 places that mistransfusion can originate?
|
-Collection/labelling
-Administration -In laboratory |
|
|
Why is RBC bacterial contamination less common than platelet bacterial contamination?
|
-RBC are able to be stored refridgerated unlike platelets that are stored at room temp.
|
|
|
What are the calman risk levels?
|
-Negligible; <1,000,000
-Minimal; 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 -Very Low; 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 -Low; 1:1000 to 1:10,0000 -Moderate; 1:100 to 1:1000 -High; >1:100 |
|
|
What are haeomlytic transfusion reactions?
|
-Reaction often from ABO mismatch where donor RBC are detroyed by recipient WBC
-Ag-Ab reaction against the red cell membrane -Complement is activated -Cascade of events follow which may lead to bleeding, renal failure and death |
|
|
Which antigens and antibodies are present on the different RBC types?
|
-Group A; anti-B antibodies & A antigen
-Group B; Anti-A antibodies & B antigen -Group AB; No antibodies and Both A and B antigens -Group O; both anti-a and anti-b antibodies and no antigen |
|
|
What are the compatability tests conducted to determine donor/recipients?
|
-Blood groups of recipient and donor
-Identify antibodies (in the serum of the recipient) -Crossmatch (recipient serum vs donor red cells) called indirect antiglobulin test -IAT; test for reactions by antibodies and agglutination |
|
|
What are the alternatives to homologous blood transfusions?
|
-Pre-deposit autologous blood transfusion
-Pre-operative collection and haemodilution -Intra-operative salvage of red cells -Synthetic volume expanders -Recombinant proteins; activated factor VIII -Artificial oxygen carriers -Erythropoietin |
