Blood And Blood Cells

Front 1

How many liters of blood in an adult?

Back 1

5-6 liters

Front 2

Blood function as a ________ in distributing ions and other small molecules and in thermoregulation.

Back 2

homoeostatic manner

Front 3

Hematocrit

Back 3

-the volume of packed cells relative to the total volume (35-45%)

Front 4

Buffy Coat

Back 4

a thin, lighter layer comprised of leukoctyes (WBCs) and platelets

Front 5

Plasma: what is it and what 3 proteins does it contain (GAF)?

Back 5

-intercellular fluid of blood containing clotting factors (serum doesn't have C. factors)

-important protein: globulins, albumin & fibrinogen (GAF)

Front 6

Albumin vs fibrinogen vs globulins

Back 6

-3 proteins of plasma (contains clotting factors)

G- functions in immune response

A- maintains osmotic pressure of blood

F- required for clotting

Front 7

Erythrocytes: describe it (5)

Back 7

-biconcave

-7-8 um diamters, 2 um thickness

-turnover= 120 days

-produced in bone marrow

-no mitochondria: can only perform glycolysis

Front 8

What proteins does erythropoietin contain? (7)

Back 8

-hemoglobin-carbaminohemoglobin-carbonic anhydrase-Band 3 antiport-glycophorin-spectrin/ ankyrin-Na+K+ ATPase

Front 9

Hemoglobin

Back 9

-contains heme molecules (which contains Fe-)

-heme reversibly binds O2

-reacts to CO2 at N-terminus to form carbaminohemoglobin

Front 10

What are 3 important proteins for CO2 transport in blood?

Back 10

-carbaminohemoglobin (a carbonate)

-Carbonic anhydrase: converts CO2 to bicarbonate anion (HCO3-; more soluble)

-Band 3 antiport: exchanges HCO3- with Cl- to proceed down bicarbonate gradient

Front 11

Glycophorin

Back 11

carries majority of the blood group ABO antigens

Front 12

spectrin/ ankyrin

Back 12

helps red blood cell maintain its biconcave shape

Spectrin- forms net-like web beneath RBC PM; anchored by ankyrin

Ankyrin- anchors spectrin to PM; interacts with integral membrane proteins in RBCs

Front 13

Na+K+ ATPase

Back 13

maintains osmolality and electrochemical gradients

Front 14

What proteins does erythropoietin contain? (7)

Back 14

-hemoglobin

-carbaminohemoglobin

-carbonic anhydrase

-Band 3 antiport

-glycophorin

-spectrin/ ankyrin

-Na+K+ ATPase

Front 15

Blood Typing

Back 15

-avoid agglutination of RBCs

-A/B/O alleles

-Genotypes: AA, BB, etc.

-blood group antigens forms dterminants (antibody-binding substructures)

Front 16

N-acteylgalactosaminyltranferase; N-acetylgalactosamine

Back 16

Type A

N-acteylgalactosaminyltranferase transfers terminal sugar (N-acetylgalactosamine) to the A-antigen

Front 17

Galactosyltransferase; galactose

Back 17

Type B;

Galactosyltransferase transfers galactose to make the B-antigen

Front 18

What blood type doesn't make an active enzyme and can't transfer the terminal sugar?

Back 18

Type O

Front 19

The O-antigen is also known as __________.

Back 19

H-antigen

Front 20

T/F: biosynthesis of A and B antigens is perfect.

Back 20

False; it's not

Note- A,B and AB individuals carry SOME O-structures as a result of this imperfection, which is why A, B and AB don't recognize the O antigen (H-antigen)

Front 21

AB individuals can't recognize any antigens as foreign; thus they are known as _________.

Back 21

Universal Recipients

Front 22

Type O individuals have no antigens that could be recognized as foreign to anyone, thus are known as ____________.

Back 22

Universal Donors

Front 23

SEE TABLE OF BLOOD GROUPS IN HIS PDF!

Back 23

SEE TABLE OF BLOOD GROUPS IN HIS PDF!

Front 24

Rhesus Monkeys

Back 24

-refers to Rh classification

-Rh-factor= D-antigen; present on RBC surface

-Rh+ has the D-antigen; Rh- doesn't

-antigodies to Rh antigens aren't high enough to cause massive agglutination

Front 25

Eryhtroblastosis Fetalis

Back 25

a disease of fetal and newborn infants who are Rh positive, where their mother is rh negative

Front 26

Anemia is characterized by _______ oxygen transport to tissues.

Back 26

lower

3 types of anemia: sickle cell anemia, pernicious anemia & aplastic anemia

Front 27

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 27

-sickle-shape in homozygotes; no change in RBC biconcavity in heterozygotes

-heterozygotes selected for in malarial infested areas

Front 28

Pernicious Anemia

Back 28

decreased ability to transport vitamin B12 due to a deficiency of intrinsic factor

-intake of VB12 doesn't help because PA is due to intrinsic factor

-erythrocytes are larger (macrocytes) and don't transport O2 efficiently

Front 29

Where are intrinsic factors produced?

Back 29

produced by parietal cells in the stomach

Front 30

Aplastic Anemia

Back 30

-insufficient RBCs

-may be due to exposure to irradiation or chemitherapeutic reagents that prevent cell division

Front 31

Platelets

Back 31

-involved in clotting

-smaller than RBC (1-2 um in diameter)

-rounded in shape

-derived from megakaryoctye in bone marrow

-last ~1 week and then removed by splenic macrophages

Front 32

How do platelets clot?

Back 32

they bind to collagen in the extracellular matrix and to other platelets

Front 33

Platelet Release Reaction

Back 33

-refers to a shape change of platelets

-occurs by the cytoplasmic extensions, release of molecules that initiate blood clot formation (formation of fibrin polymers) and secrete factors that are chemoattractants for monocytes

Front 34

Chemoattractants for monocytes

Back 34

engulfs clot components including platelets and will initiate angiogenesis and wound healing

Front 35

Megakaryocytes

Back 35

-reside in marrow

-responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.

-large cells that undergo endoreduplication of nuclear material (as high as 64 N)

-contains a labyrinthine network of platelet demarcation channels

Front 36

Thrombopoietin

Back 36

stimulatates overall platelet production by increasing megakaryocyte production in the bone marrow

Front 37

What 2 clotting proteins are important in clotting events? Describe them

Back 37

-Prothrombin- cleaves thrombin

-Thrombin- cleaves Fibrinogen

-Fibrinogen: gets cleaved into fibrin

NOTE: YOU MUST MAKE FIBRIN TO CLOT- blood clot formation occurs due to the formation of fibrin polymers

Front 38

What 2 pathways are important to clotting?

Back 38

1) Intrinsic Pathway: interaction of a factor with collagen in DAMAGED TISSUE

2) Extrinsic Pathway: the release of THROMBOPLASTIN from tissue

Front 39

Leukocytes

Back 39

-involved in defense

-formed from bone marrow pleuripotential stem cells

-reside for 8-12 hours in blood

-leave the blood by diapedesis through endothelial cell layers wherever infectious/ inflammatory agents are present

Front 40

Diapedesis

Back 40

Leukocytes leave the blood by diapedesis through endothelial cell layers wherever infectious/ inflammatory agents are present.

Front 41

What are the 5 leukocytes?

Back 41

-neutrophils

-basophils

-mast cells

-eosinophil

-monocytes

Front 42

Neutrophils

Back 42

-most abundant leukocyte (55-60%)

-referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their multilobed nucleus

-phagocytic

-release chemotaxins to recruit other neutrophils

Front 43

What is pus and a fever induced by?

Back 43

Pus- dead bacteria and neutrophils (neutrophils die after engulfing bacteria)

Fever- the release of bacterial endotoxins from dying/ leaking neutrophils

Front 44

Chemotaxins

Back 44

contained with neutrophils that recruit other neutrophils

Front 45

What are 2 types of granules of neutrophils?

Back 45

The first: contains phagocytins (antibacterial proteins)

The second: a lysosome that contains hydrolases (to digest bacterium)

Front 46

Basophils

Back 46

-least abundant (0.5%)

-irregular nucleus

-has basophilic granules that contain heparin (an acid) and histamine

Front 47

Histamine

Back 47

-contained within large basophilic granules

-promotes local vasodilation of blood vessels and increase their permeability

-have affinity IgE receptors; when IgE antibodies bind allergens, the complexes triggers massive release of Basophils components into tissue

Front 48

How can anaphylactic shock occur?

Back 48

Histamine contains IgE receptors. When IgE antibodies binds to allergens, the complex will trigger massive release of basophil components (histamine and heparin). If this happens enough, shock can occur.

Front 49

Mast Cells

Back 49

-bilobed nucleus

-have granules containing histamine/ heparin

-migrate into tissues prior to maturation (basophils mature in the bone marrow)

-bind IgE-antigen complexes, causing swelling (edema)

-respond to inhaled antigens/ activate smooth muscle contraction (asthma)

-releases ECF-A factor

Front 50

How can asthma occur?

Back 50

When mast cells bind to IgE-antigen complexes in the airways (in response to inhaled antigens), activating smooth muscle contraction.

Front 51

ECF-A

Back 51

eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis; recruits eosinophils to regions of mast cell activity

Front 52

Eosinophils

Back 52

-1-3% of leukocytes

-phagaocytizes foreign antigen/ antibodies

-contains large lysosomal granules with major basic protein and histaminidase

-bilobed nucleus

Front 53

T/F: Parasitic infections often lead to very high levels of Monocytes

Back 53

False; eosinophils

Front 54

Major basic protein

Back 54

participates as a helminthotoxin; along with histaminidase, it is part of eosinophil granules

Front 55

Monocytes

Back 55

-4-8%