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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is boold made up of?
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Plasma-55%, & Formed elements-46% <Buffy Coat(leukocytes&platelets)-1%, Erythrocytes-45% of whole blood>
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What are the functions of blood?
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Distribution, Regulation, & Protection
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What do the distribution functions of blood include?
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-delivers oxegen from lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells
-transports metabolic wastes from cells to elimination sites -transports organs from the endocrine organs to their target organs |
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What are the regulatory functions of blood?
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-maintaining normal body temp, by absorbing and distributing heat, to encourage heat loss
-maintaing normal pH, through the buffer system -maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system |
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What are the protection functions of the blood?
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-prevents blood loss, through clotting
-preventing infection through antibodies made of proteins and white blood cells |
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Plasma is made of _% of water
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about 90
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Plasma proteins account for _% of plasma
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8%
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Where are most plasma proteins produced from. Which two are excluded?
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the liver; hormones and gamma goblins
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What accounts for 60% of plasma proteins?
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Albumin; it acts as a carrier to shuttle cartain molecules through circulation, it is also an important blood buffer, and is a major blood protien contributer
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what are the formed elements?
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erythrocytes,leukocytes, and platelets
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Which of the formed elements are not true cells?
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erythrocytes, becuase they have no nuclei or organelles. And platelets are only cell fragments
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What are two unulsual features of blood cells?
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they only last in the blood stream a few days, and most blood cells do not divide, but instead are continually renewed by division of cells in blone marrow, where they originate
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Erythrocytes are __ blood cells?
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RED blood cells
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
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respiratory gas (oxygen & carbon dioxide) transport
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What is the proteint that makes red blood cells red?
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Hemoglobin... hemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 alpha and 2 beta
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What are erythrocytes often reffered to as?
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"Red Donutes"
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What are the erythrocytes' primary function?
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To carry oxygen through out the body
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What is hematopoiesis?
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The formation of blood cells, which occures in the red bone marrow
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Where did all the formed elements arise from?
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the same type of stem cell called hemaopoietic stem cell or HEMOCYTOBLAST
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Erythropoiesis?
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Red blood cell formation
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Steps of ERYTHROPOIESIS
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Hemocytoblast(stem cell),proerythroblast(Committed Cell), (Phase 1 Ribosome sythesis) Early erythroblast,(phase 2, Hemoglobin accumulation)Late Erythrocyte to Normoblast,(Phase 3, Ejection of nucleus ) Normoblast to Reticulocyte to Erythrocyte
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells. Accounts for less than 1% of blood volume
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What are the only formed elements that are complete cells?
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Leukocytes
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ameoboid motion
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wbc form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them along
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positive chemotaxis
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the ability of WBC to pinpoint areas of damage or infection and move there
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Granulocytes
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contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
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Agranulocytes
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lack obvious granules
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Leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant.
Hint: Never let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
neutophils,lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
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Granulocytes
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neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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What are the most numerous of white blood cells?
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neutrophils(account for 60-70%) Twice as large as Erythtoyctes
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What color does Neutrophils stain?
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Lilac
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What are neutrophils most attracted to?
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Sites of inflamation, they are also considered phagocytes that are especially partial to bacteria ad some fungi
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Respirtaory Burst
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oxygen is actively metabolized to produce a potent germ killer, oxidizing substances such as bleach
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Neutrophils
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"The body's bacteria slayers"
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Eosinophils
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2-4% of all leukocytes, about the same size as a neitrophil. Stain red
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What is the most important role of Eosinophils?
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To fight off parasytic worms that are too large to be phogoytized---- they also help lessen the severity of alergic reactions
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Where are eosinophils located
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In the loose connective tissue of the skin and GI tract
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What are the rarest white blood cells?
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Basophils(.5-1% of leukocytes)
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What color do Basophils stain?
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puplish-black
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Agranulocytes
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WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules.
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Which WBC are considered Agranulocytes?
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Monocytes & Lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes account for _% of the WBC population?
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25%
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Only a small portion of lyphocytes are found in the body
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True, most are found in lymphoid tissue & play a crucial role in immunity
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What two types of lyphocytes are there?
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T-lyphocytes and B-Lymphocytes
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How do T-lymphocytes function?
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They act directley against virus infectected cells and tumors
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What do B-lymphocytes(B cells) do?
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They give rise to plasma cells, which produce atibodies that are releasd into the blood.
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Monocytes account for _to_% of WBCs?
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3-8%
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What is the largest Leukocytes?
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Monocytes
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What happens when moncytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissue?
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They differentiate into highley mobile macrophages
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What are macrophages?
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they are activeley phagocytic and are crucial in the body's defence against viruses, and chronic infections
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Leukopoiesi
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the production of white blood cells
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Leukopenia
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abnormally low white blood cell count,commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anti cancer agents
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Leukemias
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a group of cancerous conditions involving white blood cells
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Mononucleosis
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"kissing disease" highly contageous in young adults, excess # of agrullocytes, many of which are atypical
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Platelets
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cytoplasmic fragments of extrodinary large cells called megakarocytes. Platelets are essential for the clotting process; they for a temporary plug
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Platelet formation is regulated by a hormone called ____?
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thrombopoietin
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Hemostasis
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stopping of bleeding, plug the whole reaction
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What 3 steps occure in rapid sequence during hemostasis
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(1)vascular spasm(2)platelet plug formation(3) coagulation
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vascular spasm
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constriction of the damaged blood vessel
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platelet plug formation
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platelets do not stick together or to the smooth muscle,instead they adhere to the exposed collagen fibers in the skin, swell, form and become sticky
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Coagulation
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Blood Clotting
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Steps to Coagulation
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prothrombin activator formed->plasma protien prothrombin is converted into thrombin enzyme-->thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrogen molecules present in plasma to fibrin mesh, which traps blood cells and seals the hole until it can be permanantly repaired
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Within _to_minutes the clot is stablized by a platelet induced process called ______.
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30 to 60 minutes, by clot retraction process
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clot retraction process
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platelets retract, pulling on surrounding fibrin tissue, squeezing serum from the mass and compacting the clot
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Serum
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Plasma minus clotting proteins
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Fibinolysis
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A process that removes unneeded clots when healing has occured
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plasmin
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clot busting enzyme
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Aspirin
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used to prevent undesirable clotting, it is a thromboxin inhibitor
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Thrombocytpenia
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a condition in which the # of circulating platelets is deficient
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what is the prefered transfusion for restoring oxygen carying capacity
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packed red blood cells(whole blood from which most of the plasma has been removed)
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The O blood group has neither __ or ___
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type A or type B agglutins
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What is the most common ABO blood group in white,black, asian and native americans
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O
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What is the least common ABO blood group?
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AB
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A person with neither A nor B agglutins posses____?
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AB antibodies
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LOOK @ blood typing in the lab manual!!!
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DONT BLOW IT OFF!!!!
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