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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rouleaux formation
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RBC's adhere to each other like stack of coins
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hemoglobin
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consists of globin and heme
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oxyhemoglobin
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contains oxygen on heme groups and is dark red
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carbonic anhydrase
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contained in RBC's to help uptake CO2 from tissues
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reticulocytes
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immature RBC's that have basophilia due to rRNA from hemoglobin synthesis (Howell Jolly Bodies)
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anemia
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decrease in blood conncetration of hemoglobin
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how do erythrocytes maintain their shape?
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spectrin
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what stabilizes spectrin?
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junctional complex of gylcophorin (membrane protein), actin, tropomyosin, adducin and protein 4.1
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protein 4.1
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links actin-myosin complex to glycophorin
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adducin
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calmondulin-binding protein that stimulates association of actin with spectrin
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what is the role of anion transport channel?
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membrane protein on RBC involved in release of CO2 in lungs
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ankyrin
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binds anion transporter channel to spectrin in RBC
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What are the characteristics of spectrin?
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composed of two polypeptides (alpha and beta) that associate in antiparallel pairs to form a rod
-the two heads join together to form tetramer |
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What happens to RBC's in hypotonic environment?
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-causes the cells to swell and burst leading to hemolysis release
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what happens to RBC's in hypertonic environment?
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-causes the cells to shrink to projections protude from surface called crenation
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what are the inner and outer component of platelet?
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outer hyalomere (contain mircotubules)
inner granulomere (contain seretonin and blood coagulators) |
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What causes platelet adhesion?
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von Willebrand factor with stimulates release of granules in platelets
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What are the two roles of platelets?
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-form platelet plug
-local coagulation |
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What3 chemicals do activated platelet cells realease?
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-adensoinse diphosphate (ADP)
-thromboxane (A2) -Ca2+ |
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adensoinse diphoshate (ADP)
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-helps platelets attract other platelets
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thromoboxane (A2)
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-causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
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Ca2+
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helps participate in clotting
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What do von Willebrand Factors bind to on surface of platelet?
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-Gp1b platelet receptor to help attach platelets to collagen and laminin of endothelial CT
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Endothelins
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-secreted by endothelial cells to stimulate vascular smooth msucle contracton and proliferation of endothelial cells for healing process
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what two factors do endothelial cells secrete?
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- tissue factor that initiates the common clotting pathway
- endothelins |
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fibrinogen
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-binds to activated intergrin receptors on platelets which helps bridge them together
-found floating in blood plasma |
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thrombin
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-found on surface of platelet
-transfers fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Factor XIII
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-cross link fibrin monomers with platelet to form hemostatic plug
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plasminogen
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converted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (secreted from endothelial cells)
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plasmin
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dissolves fibrin clot
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prostacylin
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-potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation
-secreted by endothelial cells |
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diapedesis
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-escape of blood cells between endothelial cells at post capillary venules into tissue
-associated with leuckocytes |
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chemotaxis
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-attraction of specific cells by chemical mediators
-associated with leukocytes in fighting infections |
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What 2 chemicals are involved in leukocyte rolling and attachemnt to endothelial cell wall?
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-selectins (on endothelial cell)
-carbohydrate ligands (on leukocyte) -weak interaction/adhesion |
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What 3 chemicals are involved in adhesion of endothelial cell wall to leukocyte?
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- intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on endothelial cell
-intergrins LFA-1 and Mac-1 on leukocyte |
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What gradient is involved in transendothelial migration?
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-IL-8 gradient produced by inflammatory cells
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What do activated macrophages secrete?
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-tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1 to stimulate secretion of selectins by endothelial cells
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What are two types of granuels in leukocytes?
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-specific (secondary) granules
which have specific function -azourophilic (primary) granules which function as lysosomes |
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What are the two main subtypes in leukocytes?
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granular leukocytes
-agranular leuckocytes |
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granular leukocytes
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-have segemented nuclei
-non dividing ternami cells -have staining properteries and short lived -neutrophils, eosophils, basophils |
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agranular leukocytes
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-have nuclei and round/indented
-contain azrurophilic granules -monocytes and lympocytes |
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neutrophils
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-function acute inflammation
due to hyperemia (increaded blood flow) and edema (swelling) -seek out and digest bacteria |
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eosinophils
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-regulate allergic inflammation and kill larval phases of parasites
-digest antigen/antibody complexes |
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eosinophilia
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-high level of eosinophil in peripheral blood which indicate allegric reaction
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corticosteroids
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-reduce number of circulating eosinophils by interfereing with its release in bone marrow
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basophils
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-involved in systemic allegric reactions
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What are the two functional types of small lympocytes
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-B-cells
T-cells |
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B-cells
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-divide and differniate to plasma cells in bone marrow when exposed to antigens
-have intramembrane immunoglobulin molecules that function as antigen receptors -plasma cells secrete antibodies |
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T-cells
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-divide and differniate into cell mediated cells (helper, cytotoxic and suppersor cells ) in the thymus
-have cell surface protteins that appear during development |
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null lymphocytes
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-lack surface markers unlike B-cells and T-cells
-migrate into spleen or lymph nodes |
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memory cells
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-derived from either t-cells or b-cells that long lived
-help with immune reponse for subsequent attacks to antigens |
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mononuclear phagocytes
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-form monocytes
-aka reticulo-endothelial system |
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Kupper cells
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-found in the liver
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What 6 cells can monocytes differninate to in CT?
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-Kupper cells
-macrophages -osteoclasts -histiocytes -langerhans cells -dendritic cells |
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histiocytes
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-found in connective tissue of several organs
-macrogphatic |
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langerhan cells
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-found in skin
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dendritic cells
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-antigen producing cell
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hypertension
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- constriction of smooth muscle in vessel wall
-angiotensin II regaultes blood pressure by binding to endothelial cells |
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atherosclerosis
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-causes lesions in t. intima which induces proliferations of smooth muslce in CT
-build of cholestorol in smooth muscle occurs and the t.media swells causing blockage |
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aneurysms
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-weaking of the t.media and can thin and rupture
-occurs with age Type III collagen maintains sturcture of blood vessel wall |
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varicose veins
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-disruption of blood flow in deep veins of lower limbs
-can rupture vein valves causing pools of blood |
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endocardium
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-the t.intimia of the heart and contains purkinje fibers
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myocardium
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-the t.media of the heart
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epicardium
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-the t.adventita of the heart
-contains coronary arteries and nerve ganglia |
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where are fiborus rings located in the heart?
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-anchor valves of the heart and outlinne atrioventricular and fibrous cuffs that surround semilunar orifices
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