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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What side returns blood back to the heart?
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Venus
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What are the 4 functions of blood?
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1. Distribution via transport
2. Regulation: Homeostasis 3. Protection via hemostasis 4. Immune response |
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How does the blood transport?
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The blood transports oxygen and it gets carried to other cells
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How does the body regulate?
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Temperature
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How does the body protect?
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By using clotting mechanisms
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How does the blood provide immune response?
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By producing white blood cells
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What does blood transport?
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1. Oxygen
2. Nutrients (glucose, vitamins) 3. Metabolic wastes (Co2, Nitrogen, Urea) 4. Hormones |
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What does the blood maintiain?
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1. Body Temperature
2. Normal pH 3. Fluid volume |
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How does the blood protect us?
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1. Prevents blood loss (clotting)
2. Fights/prevents infection (immune response) |
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The circulatory system is composed of the:
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Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
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Red blood cells aka
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Erythrocytes
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What % is erythrocytes in the blood?
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45%
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What % is plasma in the blood?
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55%
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What is <1% in the blood?
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Buffy coat (WBC & platelets)
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Heparin, inside the test tubes, prevents:
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Clotting
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Blood is primarily composed of:
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Water
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What is 60% of plasma proteins, produced by the liver
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Albumin
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What is 8% of plasma volume and maintains water balance in blood
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Plasma Proteins
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What is 36% of plasma proteins, produced by the liver, and binds to lipids, metal ions and fat soluable vitamins
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Globulins
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Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
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Gamma
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4% of plasma proteins, produced in liver, forms threads of blood clot
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Fibrinogen
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By-products of cellular metabolism as urea, creatine and ammonium salts
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Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
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Materials absorbed from the digestive tract and transported for use throughout the body
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Nutrients
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Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium are examples of:
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electrolytes
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Respiratory gases
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Blood cells that have no nucleus
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RBC
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Fragments of cells:
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platelets
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Blood cells that are designed to carry gases
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RBC
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What is inside RBC's that bind to oxygen but needs iron to do so?
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Hemoglobin
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_________ is a globular protein
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Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin bound to oxygen
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues
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Deoxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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Carbon dioxide loading takes place in the ________
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tissues
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Why would you do a hematocrit?
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To see the bloods capacity for oxygen
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Most CO2 is converted to :
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HCO3 - Bicarbonate
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When are blood transfusions used?
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1. When a lot of blood is lost
2. In treating thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency) |
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What cells are used to treat anemia?
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Packed red cells (cells with plasma removed)
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Mixing incompatible blood =
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FATAL= DED
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RBC membranes have what on their external surfaces?
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Glycoprotein antigens
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What are glycoprotein antigens?
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1. Unique to the person
2. Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual |
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Antigens promote ___________
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agglutination
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Agglutination causes:
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Hemolysis- the ripping open of blood cells
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Presence or absence of ________ is used to classify blood groups
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Antigens
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Antigens aka:
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Agglutinogens
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Antibodies aka:
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Agglutinins
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What 2 things do ABO blood groups have?
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1. Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBC's
2. Two antibodies in plasma (Anti-A and anti-B) |
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Agglutinogens and their corresponding antibodies cannot be mixed without:
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Serious transfusion reactions
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When do transfusion reactions occur?
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When mismatched blood is infused
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When a transfusion reaction occurs, the donors cells attack the recipients plasma agglutinins causing:
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Hemolysis-rupture of blood cells
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Ruptured RBC's release:
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Free hemoglobin
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Circulating hemoglobin accumulates in the kidneys and causes;
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Renal failure
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Clumped cells impede:
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Blood flow
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What is the universal donor?
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Type O
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What is the universal recipient?
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Type AB
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AB can only give to:
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AB
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Type B antibodies are found in:
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Type A and type O
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Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as
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Rh+
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What % of americans are Rh+?
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85%
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If the Rh is negative, it doesnt have:
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An Rh factor
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Does A- have an Rh factor?
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No
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Does A+ have an Rh factor?
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Yes
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When an Rh- mother becomes sensitized when exposed to an Rh+ fetus causing synthesizing of Rh+ antibodies, and attack and destroy the RBC's of the Rh+ baby
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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What drug can prevent the Rh- mother from being sensitized
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RhoGAM
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What is the treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn include:
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1. Pre-birth transfusions
2. Exchange transfusions after birth |
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Where do RBC's come from?
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Stem cells
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Where does hematopoiesis occur?
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Red bone marrow
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Too few RBC's causes:
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Tissue hypoxia (Low oxygen)
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Too many RBC's causes:
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excessive blood viscosity (too thick)
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How is erythropoiesis hormonally controlled?
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By EPO (Erythropoietin)
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Erythropoietin is released by the:
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Kidneys
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What is the release of erythropoietin triggered by? (3)
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1. Hypoxia due to decreased RBC's
2. Decreased oxygen 3. Increased tissue demand for oxygen |
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When blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity and too few RBC's
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Anemia
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When low blood oxygen levels cant support normal metabolism
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Anemia
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Signs and symptoms of anemia include:
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1. Fatigue
2. Paleness 3. SOB 4. Chills |
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Result of acute or chronic blood loss
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Hemorrhagic Anemia
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Prematurely ruptured RBC's
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Hemolytic anemia
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Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
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Aplastic anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia results from: (3)
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1. Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
2. Inadequate intake of iron- containing food 3. Impaired iron absorption |
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Pernicious anemia results from:
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1. Deficiency of vitamin B12
2. Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorbtion of b12 |
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Results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb ccalled hemoglobin S
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Sickle cell anemia
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When RBC's become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations
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Sickle cell anemia
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Excess RBC's that increase blood viscosity
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Polycythemia
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What are the three main polycythemia?
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1. Polycythemia vera (bone marrow cancer)
2. Secondary polycythemia (high altitude) 3. Blood doping (artificial to enhance oxygen transport) |
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What are the two ways someone can blood dope?
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1. Via blood withdrawal and transfusion
2. EPO injection |
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When WBC's can squeeze through walls of capillaries
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Diapedesis
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Only blood components that are COMPLETE CELLS
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Leukocytes
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Make up 1% of the total blood volume
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Leukocytes
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When the WBC count is over 11,000/mm3
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Leukocytosis
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Normal response to a bacterial or viral invasion- sign is swollen lymph nodes
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Leukocytosis
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The three granulocytes:
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophil 3. Basophils |
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Have a lobed nuclei and are all phagocytic cells (eat other cells)
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Granulocytes
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Most of our bodies bacteria slayers
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Neutrophils
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Lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms and lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
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Eosinophils
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Are functionally similar to mast cells and release histamine->Inflamation
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Basophils
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What treats inflammation
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anti-histamines
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Agranulocytes include;
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Lymphocytes and monocytes
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1. Cant see cytoplasmic granules
2. Have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei |
Agranulocytes
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Account for 25% or more of WBC's
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Lymphocytes
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Where are lymphocytes found?
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Enmeshed in lymphoid tissue and some in the blood
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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1. T-Cells (Thymus)
2. B-Cells (Bone) |
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What is the function of T-cells?
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Cellular immune response
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What is the function of B-cells?
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To give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
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Account for 4-8% of leukocytes
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Monocytes
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Largest leukocyte
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Monocyte
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Leukopoiesis is stimulated by:
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Cytokines
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What are cytokines?
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Factors released that are called to action as immune response
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Macrophages and T-cells=
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immune response
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Cancerous conditions involving WBC's
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Leukemia
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Involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children
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Acute leukemia
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Leukemia that is more common in older people
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Chronic Leukemia
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Aka epstein-barr virus, low grade fever, exhaustion, no treatment other than rest
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Mononucleosis
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Cell fragments that are the clotting mechanism of the blood
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Thrombocytes (platelets)
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How do platelets clot?
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By forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessesl (Hemostasis)
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The stem cell for platelets is:
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Hemocytoblast
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A series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
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Hemostasis
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Three phases occuring in hemostasis
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1. Vascular spasms
2. platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (causing blood clot) |
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During platelet plug formation, platelets do not stick to:
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themselves or blood vessels
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Damage to blood vessels endothelium-
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exposed collagen fibers
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A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
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Coagulation
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Fibrinogen is
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Water soluble
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Fibrin is
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Water insoluable
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Coagulation follows:
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Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
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Tissue factor from damaged tissue initiates:
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extrinsic pathway- coming from outside the blood
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Platelet factor from platelet plug initiates:
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Intrinsic pathway- coming from inside blood
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Thrombin is central to process:
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1. Fibrin synthesis
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Negative feedback inhibition by
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fibrin
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Prevents blood clots from forming- anticoagulant
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heparin
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Fibrin inhibits ______ activity
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thrombin
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Where is heparin secreted from ?
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1. Endothelium
2. Basophils |
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Heparin inhibits _______ activity
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thrombin and clotting factors
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Three kinds of anticoagulants:
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1. Asprin
2. Heparin 3. Warfarin (Coumadin, rat poison) |
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How does asprin act as an anticoagulant?
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By inhibiting platelet aggregation
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How does wafarin act as an anticoagulant?
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By interfering with vitamin K in clotting factors
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Anticoagulants are aka:
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Blood thinners
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A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
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Thrombus
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A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
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Embolus
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If blood flow is blocked-
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Ischemia
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Liver disfunction that affects production of clotting factors
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1. Vitamin k deficiency
2. Hepatitis 3. Cirrhosis |
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What is thrombocytopenia?
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Platelet deficiency
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Hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
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Hemophilias
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Most common type of hemophilias due to a deficiency of factor VIII
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Hemophilia A
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Due to a deficiency of factor IX
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Hemophilia B
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Mild type, due to a deficiency of factor XI
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Hemophilia C
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The number of RBC is regulated by the release of the hormone:
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Erythropoetin (EPO)
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The most numerous leukocyte
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Neutrophil
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What is the central to the process of coagulation?
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Thrombin
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