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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the average amount in liters does a human body contain of blood?
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5.5 liters
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what is the function of blood?
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transports oxygen, carbon dioxide(waste products), and nutrients
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How does blood protect the body?
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from the white blood cells and from clotting
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blood regulates the body by?
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ph and body temperature
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blood is what kind of tissue and what is tissues function?
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connective tissue= connects body systems together
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the compostion of blood is made up of and is called?
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cells and cell fragments called formed elements
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what % does formed elements make up the blood compostion?
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45%
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what makes up the remaining % of blood compostion?
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liquid matrix(plasma)=55%
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plasma is made up of water and ? what percentages?
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water=91%,PROTEINS=7%
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what is albumins,what %?
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proteins=58%
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what do albumins do?
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help maintain osmotic pressure and are a transporter for hormones and drugs
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globulins are produced by and what %?
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produced by liver cells= 38%
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what do globulins do and what system do they belong to?
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transport molecule and are a part of immune system
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what is a 4% clotting agent called?
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fibrinogen
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define serum.
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blood plasma without fibrinogens
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what are the 3 formed elements?
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red blood cells,white blood cells,platelets
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what are RBC called?
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erythrocytes
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what are the WBC called?
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leukocyctes
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what are platelets called?
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thrombocyctes
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what is Hematopoiesis and whaer does it occur?
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produces formed elements and occurs in red bone marrow
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the first phase of hematopoiesis is called?
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hemocytoblasts
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what is hemocytoblasts?
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all blood cells derived form this stem cell, found within bone marrow
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what is hemocytoblasts function?
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to give rise to a new cell line, each cell line undergo divisions to produce a specific type of formed element.
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erythrocytes (RBC) main function is?
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transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what is RBC main component and what does it do for RBC?
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hemoglobin and it gives blood red color
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the structure of hemoglobin is 4 and 4 what?
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4 heme and 4 polypeptide chains
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what is a polypeptide and heme in a hemoglobin represent?
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polypeptide=globin,heme=red pigment molecule(1 iron)
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when hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen, what will heme group do?
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will carry an oxygen molecule(1 oxygen joins with each heme)
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when hemes carry oxygen blood is what color,when oxygen in blood is low-what color?
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carry oxygen=blood is bright red (within arteries) and oxygen in blood low=blood is dark red(within veins)
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When oxygen binds to iron to be transported, giving it what color?
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bright red color
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hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide and binds to what and has no?
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binds to globin which has no iron
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in the production of red blood cells,what happens?
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rbc are destroyed and produced continuously
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what is the name for RBC production?
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erythropoiesis
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in step one of erythropoiesis,what happens?
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proerythroblasts form new stem cells
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in step two of erythropoiesis, what happens?
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proerythroblasts give rise to a new cell line
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in step three of erythropoiesis, what happens?
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proerythryoblasts undergo a series of divisions and with each division cell matures
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in steps four and five of erythropoiesis, what happens?
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step4=final division, nucleus is lost and in step 5=immature RBC=reticulocytes
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in step six of erythropoiesis, what happens?
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reticulocyte released into blood stream and matures into RBC
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RBC production is stimulated by?
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low oxygen levels
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white blood cells(WBC) are called and contain no or lack of?
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leukocytes and contain no or lack of hemoglobin
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what do WBC contain as some characteristics?
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they have a nucleus,they are larger than a RBC, and blood transports to tissue
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what are 2 main functions of WBC?
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protect against microbes(bacteria) and to help remove dead cells and debris
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name the 5 WBC?
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neutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,eosinocytes,basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
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neutrophils are a granulocyte, give details and function?
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most common of WBC, phagocytic, promote inflammation,secrete lysozymes=destroy bacteria
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what does the accumulation of pus represent?
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dead neutrophils
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basophils are granulocytes that are the least common and release what?
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release histamine=promote inflammation and release heparin=prevents clotting
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eosinophils are granulocytes that promote and release?
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promote inflammation or reduces and releases chemicals to kill parasites
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lymphocytes are agranulocytes that activate?
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immune system response
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there are 2 types of lymphocytes, name?
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B cells=produce antibodies and T cells=destroy bad cells
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monocytes are agranulocytes that their main defense is what and are the largest?
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main defense=become a macrophage and are the largest WBC
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platelets are called and produced where?
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thrombocytes and are produced in red bone marrow
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where did platelets derive from and what are they?
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derived=megakaryocytes that are very large cells that break off into fragments & enter blood as platelets
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2 main ways platelets are used to prevent blood loss?
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Platelet plug=used on small vessels,Blood clots= used on large vessels
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vascular spasm(form of blood loss prevention) occurs where and function?
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occurs in small vessels and it has immediate & temporary constriction of vessel to close off small tear
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platelets plug function?
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accumulation of platelets to seal off small vessels break
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phase 1 of blood loss prevention is and define?
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platelet adhesion= platelets stick to collagen exposed by vessel tear.
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name example of platelet adhesion?
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von williebrand factor is protein produced,stored and released by vessel cells.(forms a bridge between collagen and platelets)
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name the first part in the 2nd phase of blood loss prevention?
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plate release reaction=platelets release chemical that activate many platelets.fibrinogen receptor(allows binds)is exposed on platelets
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name the second part in 2nd phase in blood loss prevention?
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platelet aggregation=fibrinogen forms bridge between the receptor and platelet.=plug
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in the 3rd phase what happens and what is called?
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blood clotting=network of protein=coagulation=fibrin that traps blood vessels severely damaged cells,platelets & fluid
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what does the formation of clots depend on?
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clotting factors which are proteins produced in liver
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what do clotting factors usually do when not in use? In use after injury?
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usually are inactive and they do not cause clotting,after injury they are activated to produce clots
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what pathways begin in the activation of blood clotting?
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extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway
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when both pathways merge what are they called?
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common pathway
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define extrinsic pathway?
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chemicals released OUTSIDE of blood
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when does extrinsic pathway begin?
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begins when damaged tissue releases thromboplastic"factor III"
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what is intrinsic pathway?
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chemicals released INSIDE blood
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what happens in intrinsic pathway when a factor is released?
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Factor XII released and contacts exposed collagen and becomes activated
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under the common pathway, when is prothrombinase produce?
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produced when intrinsic and extrinsic merge
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what does thrombin convert?
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converts fibrinogen into fibrin
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what is fibrin?
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forms fibrous network of clot
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once 1st clotting factor is produced and activated,what happens?
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many more clotting factors become activated
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name the 5 steps that convert of common pathway?
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prothrombinase=prothrombin=throbin=fibrinogen=fibrin
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to control clotting, what is it called, describe and list example?
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anticoagulants(found in blood) they prevent clotting factors from forming clots. example=heparin
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in clotting retraction what will the clot do?
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condense into compact structure
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in clotting retraction what will the platelets form?
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will form extensions that attach to fibrin & pull clot out(retracts)
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what happens when the clot is retracted?
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it pulls vessel wall back together
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what cells divide and replace the damaged tissue?
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epithelium
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what is fibrinolysis?
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the process of dissolving a clot
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what is plasminogen?
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found in plasma converts into plasmin
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what does plasmin do?
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breaks down the clot
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in blood grouping, what is its main purpose for and define?
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blood tranfusions=passing of blood or components to 1 person to another
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when bloods do not combine it is called?
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transfusion reaction=clumping (agglutination)
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what is hemolysis?
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rupture of RBC
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during hemolysis, what is it causing?
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the rupturing of RBC and clotting causes coagulation
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what is agglutination?
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antibodies bind to antigen and form bridge that connects RBC together
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what are antigens located?
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on Red Blood Cells surface
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antibodies are found where and can combine with what?
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found within plasma and each antibody can combine with only a specific antigen.
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a universal donor can give blood to any ABO blood types,why and what type is a universal donor?
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no transfusion reaction because the antibodies from donor blood would be diluted in recipients blood-TYPE O
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a universal recipient blood type is and can give blood from any ABO types,why?
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TYPE AB, no transfusion reaction because AB blood has no antibodies.
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In RH(-) contains no D antigen but if exposed by these 2 ways can produce anitbodies?
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transfusion or fetal blood crossing placenta
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after RH(-) recipient recieves blood from donor it produces what antibody and if receives a 2nd transfusion what occurs?
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D antibodies and receives a second tranfusion a RH(+) transfusion reaction occurs
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If a RH(-) mother is pregnant with a RH(+) fetus for the first pegnancy what happens?
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RH(-) mother produces antibodies and 1st RH(+) baby okay
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a RH(-) mother second pegnancy, if mother has a RH(+) baby what happens?
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there would be a tranfusion reaction
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a RH(-) mother is given a shot called? to prevent what?
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RhoGam to prevent transfusion reaction
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compatibility tests help prevent what? 2 types?
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tranfusion reactions, ABO-Rh blood typing and antibody screening
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blood typing is?
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determines your type ABO & Rh
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an antibody screen is?
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tests serum for antibodies that are unexpected
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what is a crossmatch?
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trial tranfusion done in test tube
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what is an complete blood cell count?
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analysis of number of RBC present,hemoglobin,WBC, & a differential WBC count
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RBC count?
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measure of RBC in microliters
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hemoglobin count?
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amount of hemoglobin in blood
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hematocrit measurement?
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% of total blood volume composed of RBC
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describe what happens during the process?
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tube of blood centrifuged and formed elements settle at one end of tube
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what is a buffy coat and where is it formed?
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thin layer of WBC & platelets, forms between plasma and RBC
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hematocrit is affected how?
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by number and size of RBC because it is based on volume
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give example of decreased volume of hematocrit:
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may be due to decrease in number of normal RBC or size of RBC decreased
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normal WBC count range?
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5000-9000 per microliter
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a person having leukopenia and leukocytosis have what?
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leukopenia=LOW WBC and leukocytosis=HIGH WBC
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differential WBC count is?
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determines % of each of the 5 types of WBC
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what is normal range for them?
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neutrophils=60-70%,lymphocytes=20-25%,monocytes=3-8%,eosinophils=2-4%,basophils=.5-1%
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what is a clotting measurement?
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test ability of blood to form clots.
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name the 1st test for clotting measurement? what is its normal range?
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platelet count=number of platelet in blood, normal range is 250,000-400,000 per microliter
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what is the second test called for clotting measurement?what is its normal range?
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prothrombin time=how long it takes blood to start clotting, normal range is 9-12 seconds
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what is thrombocytopenia?
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low platelet count that causes chronic bleeding within small vessels
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