Blood

Front 1

Describe 4 functions of the blood

Back 1

1) Transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients & waste
2) Regulating pH and ion composition in body tissues
3)Regulating heat distribution
4)Prevention of fluid loss (clotting) and defense against disease

Front 2

hemopoesis define

Back 2

= hematopoiesis the process of blood cell formation; it occurs in the hollow center of bones (red marrow)

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red blood cells

Back 3

erythrocytes. carry oxygen to cells in the body

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leukocyte

Back 4

white blood cells; has a nuclei and other organelles defends body against pathogens removes toxins/wastes/damaged cells

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plasma

Back 5

mostly water with some proteins accounts for 46-63% blood volume

Front 6

Hematocrit

Back 6

it measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells

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bone marrow

Back 7

Produces granulocytes and monocytes

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formed elements

Back 8

comprises whole blood along with plasma
part of the blood that contains red and white blood cells plus cell fragments (platelets)

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Hematocytoblast (hemocytoblasts)

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stems cells that divide to form all types of blood cells ( pluripotent)

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Granular leukocytes

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1) Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population (very mobile, 1st to injury)
2) Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies
3)Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

Front 11

Agranular leukocytes

Back 11

1) Monocytes-become macrophages
2) lymphocytes- Include T cells, B cells, and NK cells:these give us IMMUNITY

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anemia

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disorder of the blood
a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
results in lethargy, weakness

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types of anemia

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iron deficiency-hemoglobin not functional w/out iron
hemorrhagic-from severe blood loss-fewer RBC
Anaplastic- bone marrow fails to produce enough RBC

Front 14

Basophil

Back 14

migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

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Eosinophil

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phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies

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Monocyte

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they are agranular leukocytes that become macrophages

Front 17

Neutrophil

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50- 70% total WBC population (very mobile, 1st to injury)

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lymphocyte

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includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells these cells give us our immunity

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Platelet

Back 19

Pieces of a megakaryocyte
membrane bound sacs of chemicals

NOT CELLS
Flattened discs
Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes

Front 20

what are the platelet functions?

Back 20

Transporting chemicals important to clotting
Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels
Contracting after a clot has formed

Front 21

two types of leukemia?

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its a cancer of the white blood cell lines
myeloid leukemia- abnormal granulocytes or other cells of marrow
Lymphiod leukemia- abnormal lymphocytes

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Thrombus

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an attached blood clot formed by platelets adhering to the blood vessels wall (often at sites of arterial disease)

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Embolus

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a piece of a thrombus that may have detached and traveled in the bloodstream which may then block blood vessels

Front 24

Fibrinogen/Fibrin

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when the enzyme called thrombrin is activated, which converts soluble fibrinogen molecules in the blood to insoluble, loose fibrin threads

Front 25

describe the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

Back 25

in the clotting of blood the chemicals in the clot convert plasminogen to plasmin the plasmin then can digest the fibrin threads and inactivates the clotting mechanism

Front 26

what are the two main fractions of blood (include percentages)

Back 26

Plasma- about 55%
formed elements= red/white blood cells and platelets: 45%

Front 27

two main components of plasma? (%)

Back 27

Water= 92%
Proteins= 7%
everything else is 1%

Front 28

where are most plasma proteins produced?

Back 28

in the liver

Front 29

what is the role of plasma proteins?

Back 29

albumins are largely transported proteins
Globulins are transport proteins and also antibodies used to fight disease
Fibrinogen and other clotting proteins that can be activated when needed

Front 30

describe life span of a red blood cell?

Back 30

they are produced in the marrow, the first few days they produce lg amts of hemoglobin until the cell is mostly a bag of hemoglobin-then the cell extrudes its nucleus/organelles and becomes a passive carrier of hemoglobin.

Front 31

describe the mature structure of a red blood cell and how it relates to the function

Back 31

it has no nucleus, and has the shape of a biconcave disc-flattened in the middle- the shape gives it a high surface area to volume ratio, maximizing its ability to exchange gases between the hemogloblin in its cytoplasm and the fluid around it

Front 32

roles for white blood cells in the body

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lymphocytes-give body immunity
neutrophils/macrophages-major phagocytic cells, engulfing and digesting foreign materials.
all WBC travel in the blood but may squeeze out of the bloodstream and crawl through tissue to get to sites of injury or disease

Front 33

name 3 types of granular leukocytes which is most common

Back 33

basophils/eosinophils/ and neutrophils. the neutrophils make about 60% of the WBC's

Front 34

2 types of agranular leukocytes which class of cells comprises your immune system

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monocytes and lymphocytes.
lymphocytes comprise your immune system

Front 35

what is the role of colony stimulating factors

Back 35

these chemicals direct pluripotent cells in the marrow toward one of the different cell lines

Front 36

how is a platelet related to a megakaryocyte?

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megakaryocyte are the large marrow cell that gives rise to platelets.

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function of platelets

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they are pieces broken off from the megakaryocyte membrane bound collections of chemicals that induce the blood clotting process

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role of fibrin

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assembles into threads which form a net and trap blood cells in clot

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role of plasmin

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digest fibrin threads and causes clot to break up

Front 40

why is tissue plasminogen activator used in an emergency room

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for pts who have a had a heart attack or stroke, to speed the breakup of a clot and restore blood flow to heart or brain

Front 41

describe type B blood

Back 41

they have type b surface antigens on their red blood cells and carries antibodies to type a surface antigens they could get transfusions from type B and O