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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the cause of tinea versicolor
|
hypopigmented skin caused by melassezia furfur
|
|
|
what is the cause of cutaneous fungal infections; give examples of the infection
|
dermatophytes; tinea corporis, tinea pedis
|
|
|
what is unique about fungal membranes
|
contain ergosterol (a type of cholesterol)
|
|
|
what is lymphocutaneous spirotrichosis, and the causative agent
|
ulcer that tracks up lymphatics; associated with gardening/florists; caused by sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
what are the systemic fungi
|
histoplasma, blastomyces, and coccidioides
|
|
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what is the presentation of coccidioides
|
1. asymptomatic; 2. flu-like symptoms or pneumonia; 3. disseminated to CNS, skin (erythma nodosum), bones
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who commonly gets histoplasma
|
being near bird/bat shit, or cave exploring
|
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what is presentation of histoplasma
|
fatigue; lots of calcifications throughout the body, because yeast form grows in macrophages
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what is the presentation of blastomyces
|
acute pneumonia; granulomas and skin lesions throughout the body
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how to diagnose blastomyces
|
yeast have multiple buds, sort of like diplococci or triplococci
|
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what are presenting signs of cryptococcus neoformans
|
meningitis-like signs; AIDS patients get skin lesions
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how is cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed
|
india ink stain of CSF, see headlight sign (due to thick capsule)
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what is pathogenesis of cryptococcus neoformans
|
targets CNS and starts to cause abscesses
|
|
|
what is the presentation of candida albicans
|
normal: oral thrust, vaginitis, diaper rash, angular cheilitis, intertrigo; imcp: esophagitis, disseminated
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how to diagnose candida albicans
|
germ-tube formation test, look for pseudophyphae
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how to diagnose aspergillus fumigatus
|
45 degree hyphae; air crescent on xray
|
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what are the main diseases of aspergillus
|
1. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: IgE causes bronchospasm and bronchiectasis; 2. aspergilloma: fungal ball in old lung cavities; 3. invasive: can occlude blood vessel and cause necrosis, and gets to lungs to cause pneumonia
|
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|
what is the presentation of pneumocystis jeroveci
|
triad of 1. HIV/AIDS patient, 2. elevated LDH, 3. pneumonia w/infiltrates, but dry cough
|
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what does pneumocystis look like on x-ray
|
ground glass appearance
|
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what is a unique feature of zygomycoses
|
nonseptate
|
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what are diseases of zygomycoses
|
rhinocerebral, causes infection in sinus/orbits/brian leading to necrosis
|
|
|
how is entamoeba histolytica acquired
|
ingestion of cyst, fecal-oral route in unsanitary conditions
|
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what are diseases caused by entamoeba histolytica
|
1. abdominal pain; 2. loose stool w/blood; 3. dysentery; 4. ameboma (ulcer in intestine); 5. liver abscess (RUQ pain)
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|
how to diagnose entamoeba histolytica
|
1. cysts have 4 nuclei; 2. see charcot leyden crystals
|
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how is giardia lamblia acquired
|
ingestion of cyst, fecal-oral route; fresh water springs, daycare centers
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what diseases are caused by giardia lamblia
|
fatty diarrhea, foul-smelling; abdominal cramps; malabsorption; damage to microvilli result in blunted microvilli (leads to malabsorption)
|
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how to diagnose giardia lamblia
|
string test; cyst has 4 nuclei; trophozoite has 2 nuclei w/flagella
|
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what is unique about trichomonas vaginalis lifecycle
|
no cyst form, exists in the body, is an STD
|
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what are diseases of trichomonas vaginalis
|
urethritis, vaginitis
|
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|
how to diagnose trichomonas vaginalis
|
greenish discharge, smells bad; single nucleus with flagella
|
|
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what are diseases of cryptosporidium
|
watery diarrhea and malabsorption; in imcp there will be more severe symptoms with prolonged diarrhea
|
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what type of cells does cryptosporidium infect
|
intestinal epithelial cells
|
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how to diagnose cryptosporidium
|
can do acid-fast stain to look for oocysts
|
|
|
how does cryptosporidium infect
|
requires ingestion of cyst, low infectious dose
|
|
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what are diseases of cyclospora
|
abdominal pain, diarrhea, malnutrition (in imcp patients)
|
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how to diagnose cyclospora
|
cysts are non-uniform acid fast staining; cysts are UV reactive
|
|
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what type of cells does cyclospora infect
|
vacuoles of intestinal epithelial cells
|
|
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what is the source of toxoplasma gondii
|
cat shit, cat litter crap, undercooked meats
|
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what is the disease of toxoplasma gondii
|
1. mononucleosis-like symptoms before going dormant in tissues; 2. reactivation in imcp results in encephalitis, chorioretinitis, liver/spleen-megaly; 3. primary infection in pregnant results in congential toxoplasmosis (mental retardation and birth defects)
|
|
|
what type of cells does toxoplasma go in
|
macrophages, this is how it reaches distant sites
|
|
|
describe babeosis
|
also called nantucket fever; only infects rbc; transmitted by tick; causes hemolysis, but gradual and not in cycles
|
|
|
what is the vector for leishmaniasis
|
sandfly
|
|
|
describe disease process of leishmaniasis
|
1. promastigote form infects macrophages; 2. amastigote form can infect all cells of the RES system, causing anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skin ulcers or multiple lesions, destroy mucous membranes and cause disfigurment of the face
|
|
|
what is leishmaniasis treated with
|
stibogluconate
|
|
|
what is the vector for trypanosoma africa
|
tetse fly
|
|
|
compare trypanosoma rhodesiense and gambiense
|
gambiense occurs in west africa, and is slow; rhodesiense occurs in east africa and is fast to kill
|
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|
describe disease process of trypanosoma africa
|
1. initial bite leaves hard ulcer that heals; 2. initial symptoms of fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers; 3. invasion into CNS causes neurological changes and death
|
|
|
what is the cause of recurrent fevers in trypanosoma
|
variable surface proteins
|
|
|
what is treatment of trypanosoma
|
sumarin; or melarsoprol if get into CNS
|
|
|
what is the vector for trypanosoma cruzi
|
reduviid bug shit
|
|
|
describe disease process of trypanosoma cruzi
|
1. initial bite leaves chancre; 2. systemic spread to macrophages, likes cardiac and intestinal itssues, cysts can end up in muscle tissue; the acute disease involves fever, tachycardia, constipation; 3. chronic stage get arrythmias, enlarged heart, double-peak on ECG, mega colon/esophagus
|
|
|
what is one method used to diagnose trypanosoma cruzi
|
xenodiganosis with clean reduviid bugs
|
|
|
describe disease process of enterobius vermicularis
|
1. ingest eggs; 2. hatch in small intestine; 3. grow in large intestine; 4. lay eggs on perianal surface, causing itchy ass
|
|
|
how to diagnose enterobius vermicularis
|
do the scotch tape test
|
|
|
describe disease process of ascaris lumbricoides
|
1. ingest cyst; 2. hatch in small intestine, migrate to lungs; 3. cough and swallow, mature in intestine; 4. lay eggs that get into feces
|
|
|
what is one complication of ascaris lumbricoides
|
can cause worm blockage in the intestine
|
|
|
describe the disease process of necator americanus
|
1. larvae in the soil penetrate skin, usually on foot, may itch; 2. migrate to the lungs (may cause cough/wheezing); 3. cough/swallow, latch onto intestine and suck blood (causes anemia, iron deficiency); 4. eggs go to feces
|
|
|
what are presentations of necator
|
anemia, abdominal pain, vomiting
|
|
|
describe disease process of strongyloides
|
1. larvae penetrate the skin; 2. migrate to lungs, cough/swallow; 3. grow and replicate in intestine; 4. can exit with feces, or can hatch in GI and penetrate wall and go to lungs again (autoinfection), or can hatch in soil and replicate there
|
|
|
what is the risk of drugs and imcp patients
|
drugs like corticosteroid can cause hyperinfection, where worm spreads everywhere in body
|
|
|
what is the treatment for the lung worms
|
use azoles
|
|
|
what is the source of trichinella spiralis
|
pork/pig meat
|
|
|
what is disease process of trichinella spiralis
|
1. ingest bad pork with cysts; 2. hatch in intestine, penetrate intestine; 3. go to skeletal muscle and leave cysts here, go to heart and brain to cause myocarditis and encephalitis
|
|
|
what is the cause of tinea versicolor
|
hypopigmented skin caused by melassezia furfur
|
|
|
what is the cause of cutaneous fungal infections; give examples of the infection
|
dermatophytes; tinea corporis, tinea pedis
|
|
|
what is unique about fungal membranes
|
contain ergosterol (a type of cholesterol)
|
|
|
what is lymphocutaneous spirotrichosis, and the causative agent
|
ulcer that tracks up lymphatics; associated with gardening/florists; caused by sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
what are the systemic fungi
|
histoplasma, blastomyces, and coccidioides
|
|
|
what is the presentation of coccidioides
|
1. asymptomatic; 2. flu-like symptoms or pneumonia; 3. disseminated to CNS, skin (erythma nodosum), bones
|
|
|
who commonly gets histoplasma
|
being near bird/bat shit, or cave exploring
|
|
|
what is presentation of histoplasma
|
fatigue; lots of calcifications throughout the body, because yeast form grows in macrophages
|
|
|
what is the presentation of blastomyces
|
acute pneumonia; granulomas and skin lesions throughout the body
|
|
|
how to diagnose blastomyces
|
yeast have multiple buds, sort of like diplococci or triplococci
|
|
|
what are presenting signs of cryptococcus neoformans
|
meningitis-like signs; AIDS patients get skin lesions
|
|
|
how is cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed
|
india ink stain of CSF, see headlight sign (due to thick capsule)
|
|
|
what is pathogenesis of cryptococcus neoformans
|
targets CNS and starts to cause abscesses
|
|
|
what is the presentation of candida albicans
|
normal: oral thrust, vaginitis, diaper rash, angular cheilitis, intertrigo; imcp: esophagitis, disseminated
|
|
|
how to diagnose candida albicans
|
germ-tube formation test, look for pseudophyphae
|
|
|
how to diagnose aspergillus fumigatus
|
45 degree hyphae; air crescent on xray
|
|
|
what are the main diseases of aspergillus
|
1. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: IgE causes bronchospasm and bronchiectasis; 2. aspergilloma: fungal ball in old lung cavities; 3. invasive: can occlude blood vessel and cause necrosis, and gets to lungs to cause pneumonia
|
|
|
what is the presentation of pneumocystis jeroveci
|
triad of 1. HIV/AIDS patient, 2. elevated LDH, 3. pneumonia w/infiltrates, but dry cough
|
|
|
what does pneumocystis look like on x-ray
|
ground glass appearance
|
|
|
what is a unique feature of zygomycoses
|
nonseptate
|
|
|
what are diseases of zygomycoses
|
rhinocerebral, causes infection in sinus/orbits/brian leading to necrosis
|
|
|
how is entamoeba histolytica acquired
|
ingestion of cyst, fecal-oral route in unsanitary conditions
|
|
|
what are diseases caused by entamoeba histolytica
|
1. abdominal pain; 2. loose stool w/blood; 3. dysentery; 4. ameboma (ulcer in intestine); 5. liver abscess (RUQ pain)
|
|
|
how to diagnose entamoeba histolytica
|
1. cysts have 4 nuclei; 2. see charcot leyden crystals
|
|
|
how is giardia lamblia acquired
|
ingestion of cyst, fecal-oral route; fresh water springs, daycare centers
|
|
|
what diseases are caused by giardia lamblia
|
fatty diarrhea, foul-smelling; abdominal cramps; malabsorption; damage to microvilli result in blunted microvilli (leads to malabsorption)
|
|
|
how to diagnose giardia lamblia
|
string test; cyst has 4 nuclei; trophozoite has 2 nuclei w/flagella
|
|
|
what is unique about trichomonas vaginalis lifecycle
|
no cyst form, exists in the body, is an STD
|
|
|
what are diseases of trichomonas vaginalis
|
urethritis, vaginitis
|
|
|
how to diagnose trichomonas vaginalis
|
greenish discharge, smells bad; single nucleus with flagella
|
|
|
what are diseases of cryptosporidium
|
watery diarrhea and malabsorption; in imcp there will be more severe symptoms with prolonged diarrhea
|
|
|
what type of cells does cryptosporidium infect
|
intestinal epithelial cells
|
|
|
how to diagnose cryptosporidium
|
can do acid-fast stain to look for oocysts
|
|
|
how does cryptosporidium infect
|
requires ingestion of cyst, low infectious dose
|
|
|
what are diseases of cyclospora
|
abdominal pain, diarrhea, malnutrition (in imcp patients)
|
|
|
how to diagnose cyclospora
|
cysts are non-uniform acid fast staining; cysts are UV reactive
|
|
|
what type of cells does cyclospora infect
|
vacuoles of intestinal epithelial cells
|
|
|
what is the source of toxoplasma gondii
|
cat shit, cat litter crap, undercooked meats
|
|
|
what is the disease of toxoplasma gondii
|
1. mononucleosis-like symptoms before going dormant in tissues; 2. reactivation in imcp results in encephalitis, chorioretinitis, liver/spleen-megaly; 3. primary infection in pregnant results in congential toxoplasmosis (mental retardation and birth defects)
|
|
|
what type of cells does toxoplasma go in
|
macrophages, this is how it reaches distant sites
|
|
|
describe babeosis
|
also called nantucket fever; only infects rbc; transmitted by tick; causes hemolysis, but gradual and not in cycles
|
|
|
what is the vector for leishmaniasis
|
sandfly
|
|
|
describe disease process of leishmaniasis
|
1. promastigote form infects macrophages; 2. amastigote form can infect all cells of the RES system, causing anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skin ulcers or multiple lesions, destroy mucous membranes and cause disfigurment of the face
|
|
|
what is leishmaniasis treated with
|
stibogluconate
|
|
|
what is the vector for trypanosoma africa
|
tetse fly
|
|
|
compare trypanosoma rhodesiense and gambiense
|
gambiense occurs in west africa, and is slow; rhodesiense occurs in east africa and is fast to kill
|
|
|
describe disease process of trypanosoma africa
|
1. initial bite leaves hard ulcer that heals; 2. initial symptoms of fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers; 3. invasion into CNS causes neurological changes and death
|
|
|
what is the cause of recurrent fevers in trypanosoma
|
variable surface proteins
|
|
|
what is treatment of trypanosoma
|
sumarin; or melarsoprol if get into CNS
|
|
|
what is the vector for trypanosoma cruzi
|
reduviid bug shit
|
|
|
describe disease process of trypanosoma cruzi
|
1. initial bite leaves chancre; 2. systemic spread to macrophages, likes cardiac and intestinal itssues, cysts can end up in muscle tissue; the acute disease involves fever, tachycardia, constipation; 3. chronic stage get arrythmias, enlarged heart, double-peak on ECG, mega colon/esophagus
|
|
|
what is one method used to diagnose trypanosoma cruzi
|
xenodiganosis with clean reduviid bugs
|
|
|
describe disease process of enterobius vermicularis
|
1. ingest eggs; 2. hatch in small intestine; 3. grow in large intestine; 4. lay eggs on perianal surface, causing itchy ass
|
|
|
how to diagnose enterobius vermicularis
|
do the scotch tape test
|
|
|
describe disease process of ascaris lumbricoides
|
1. ingest cyst; 2. hatch in small intestine, migrate to lungs; 3. cough and swallow, mature in intestine; 4. lay eggs that get into feces
|
|
|
what is one complication of ascaris lumbricoides
|
can cause worm blockage in the intestine
|
|
|
describe the disease process of necator americanus
|
1. larvae in the soil penetrate skin, usually on foot, may itch; 2. migrate to the lungs (may cause cough/wheezing); 3. cough/swallow, latch onto intestine and suck blood (causes anemia, iron deficiency); 4. eggs go to feces
|
|
|
what are presentations of necator
|
anemia, abdominal pain, vomiting
|
|
|
describe disease process of strongyloides
|
1. larvae penetrate the skin; 2. migrate to lungs, cough/swallow; 3. grow and replicate in intestine; 4. can exit with feces, or can hatch in GI and penetrate wall and go to lungs again (autoinfection), or can hatch in soil and replicate there
|
|
|
what is the risk of drugs and imcp patients
|
drugs like corticosteroid can cause hyperinfection, where worm spreads everywhere in body
|
|
|
what is the treatment for the lung worms
|
use azoles
|
|
|
what is the source of trichinella spiralis
|
pork/pig meat
|
|
|
what is disease process of trichinella spiralis
|
1. ingest bad pork with cysts; 2. hatch in intestine, penetrate intestine; 3. go to skeletal muscle and leave cysts here, go to heart and brain to cause myocarditis and encephalitis
|
|
|
what is the source vector for shistosoma
|
the freshwater snail
|
|
|
describe disease process of shistosoma
|
1. larvae penetrate through intact skin (usu freshwater); 2. migrate to hepatic portal veins and grow/lay eggs here; 3. eggs are released through intestine/bladder
|
|
|
what are diseases of shistosoma
|
1. eggs can become lodged in venous systems > portal htn, pulmonary htn, ascites; this also contributes to chronic fibrosis due to the eggs; 2. katayama fever, which is an immune response to the eggs, so get fever, chills, swollen lymphs
|
|
|
how does immune system fight shistosoma
|
cannot, because shistosoma coats itself with host antigen
|
|
|
what to treat shistosoma
|
praziquantel
|
|
|
what is the source of taenia solium
|
pork meat
|
|
|
describe disease process of taenia solium
|
1. eat pork meat with larvae; 2. reproduced in human intestine, tapeworm, eggs released in feces; 3. pig eat this shit and get cysts in their muscles that become larvae; OR 1. eat pork meat with eggs, 2. larvae hatch and disseminate in body, muscles, eyes, brain, CNS, and cause big problems (cysterocosis)
|
|
|
what is source of taenia saginata
|
beef meat
|
|
|
decribe disease process of taenia saginata
|
1. ingest beef meat with larvae; 2. tapeworm in intestine, eggs into feces, no cysticercosis cycle
|
