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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which is smaller, myofiber or myofilament? |
Myofilament |
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What cell type best describes skeletal muscle fibers? |
Multinucleated syncytium |
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What is the precursor cell to a muscle cell? |
Myoblast |
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What cells provide regenerative capacity for muscle in adults? |
Satellite cells |
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What gene controls muscle development/differentiation? |
MyoD |
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What is a group of muscle fibers? |
Fascicle |
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What kind of CT is found directly around each muscle fiber? What type of fiber is it made of? |
Endomysium, reticular fibers |
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What CT layer is found around the fascicle? What type of CT is it made of? |
Perimysium, dense irregular CT |
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What CT layer is found around the whole muscle? What type of CT is it made of? |
Epimysium, dense irregular CT |
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Where are the nuclei of muscle fibers? |
Periphery of the muscle |
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What are muscle accessory proteins? Which one makes up the Z-line? |
alpha-actinin (z-line) titin, dystrophin |
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What is required to release actin-myosin bond? |
ATP |
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When does the power stroke occur in cross bridge cycling? |
After release of ADP |
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Where do T-tubules lie on the sarcomere? |
A-I junction |
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What is the "triad" found in muscle fibers? |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - T-tubule - SR |
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What part of the sarcoplamic reticulum is next to the T-tubule? |
Terminal cisterna |
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What is another name for the neuromuscular junction? |
Motor end plate |
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What is the modified skeletal muscle that senses stretch? |
Muscle spindle |
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What types of fibers does the muscle spindle consist of? |
Nuclear bag & chain fibers |
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What is the job of the muscle spindle? |
Collects info and regulates the position of body parts |
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Where is the muscle spindle located? |
Located in the CT island between muscle fascicles |
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What type of muscle fiber (Type I or II) has more extensive SR? |
Type II |
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What is the Z-band equivalent for smooth muscle? |
Dense bodies |
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What protein do dense bodies contain? |
alpha-actinin |
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What intermediate filaments provide structure to smooth muscle? |
Desmin, vimentin |
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How do smooth muscle cells communicate? |
Gap junctions |
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What type of myosin is found in smooth muscles? In skeletal muscles? |
Smooth: side-polar Skeletal: bipolar |
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What is the smooth muscle equivalent of the T-tubule system? |
Caveolae |
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How are cardiac muscles linked/able to contract simultaneously? |
Intercalated discs |
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Where are the nuclei in cardiac muscle? |
Centrally placed |
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What are the 3 parts of the intercalated disc, and their functions? |
1. fascia adherens - anchors actin 2. macula adherens - resists force of contraction 3. gap junction - synchronous contraction |
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What are the distinctive features of Purkinje fibers under the microscope? |
Appear pale next to myocardium because of abundant glycogen Larger than myocardial cells |
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What are the building blocks of blood vessels? (5) |
1. simple squamous epithelium 2. basal lamina 3. connective tissue 4. vasa vasorum 5. vasa nervosum |
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What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel? |
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia |
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How much smooth muscle do small arteries have? |
up to 8 layers |
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How much smooth muscle do arterioles have? |
1-2 layers |
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Describe the tunica intima, media, and adventitia in elastic vessels |
1. intima: small endothelial layer with basal lamina & Von Willebrand factor for clotting 2. media: huge, 40-47 lamella of elastic tissue 3. adventitia: collagen, fibroblasts, macrophage, vasa vasorum & vasa nervosum |
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Muscular arteries have more ______ and less ______ in tunica media than elastic arteries |
Smooth muscle, elastin |
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What is special about the tunica intima in muscular arteries? |
Has a thick internal elastic lamina with a corrugated edge |
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Describe the tunica media in muscular arteries: how much muscle? what type of collagen? |
> 40 smooth muscle layers Type III collagen, elastic fibers |
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What does the tunica adventitia contain in muscular vessels? |
Fibroelastic CT, vasa vasorum, vasa nervosum |
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Where does collagen and lipid collect in an atherosclerotic plaque? |
Tunica intima |
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What is a relaxing factor for endothelium of arteries? |
Nitric oxide |
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What is the progression of vessels from arteriole to vein? |
terminal arteriole -> metarteriole -> capillary bed -> post capillary venule -> veins |
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Describe metarteriole - what does it contain? |
Contains precapillary sphincters of smooth muscle cells, the smooth muscle exists in 'buds' |
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What provides structural support to capillaries (intermediate filaments)? |
Desmin, vimentin |
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What is particular to capillaries in the blood brain barrier? |
Occluding junctions |
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What cells surround capillaries & can differentiate into smooth muscle following injury? |
Pericytes |
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What do pericytes contain in order to contract? |
Tropomyosin and isomyosin |
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What type of capillary exists in tissues where rapid interchange of substances is required? |
Fenestrated capillaries |
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Where are fenestrated capillaries found? |
Endocrine glands, intestine, kidney |
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What is a fenestra? |
Pore/perforation that passes through the capillary epithelium and is covered by a thin diaphragm |
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What kind of capillary has gaps in endothelial lining and no diaphragm? |
Discontinuous capillary |
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Where are discontinuous capillaries found? |
Liver, spleen, gallbladder |
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How much of the blood volume do veins usually contain? |
70% |
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Describe the tunicas in a medium vein |
1. intima is small 2. media: 2 or more layers smooth muscle 3. adventitia: broadest layer of collagen, elastic fibers, several cell types |
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Describe the tunicas in a large vein (i.e. superior and inferior VC) |
1. intima is small 2. media: thin with thin layer of circular smooth muscle 3. adventitia: elastic & collagenous network, also contains broad bundles of smooth muscle arranged longitudinally |
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What are the valves of veins made of? |
Tunica intima strengthened by collagen & elastin |
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What is artery + vein + neuron called? |
Neurovascular bundle |
