Block A - Clin Path

Front 1

Myeloblast
(associated conditions when found in peripheral blood)

Back 1

1. Myeloproliferative state

2. Acute myelogenous leukemia

3. Rare - leukemoid reaction

4. Erythroleukemia

Front 2

Promyelocyte
(associated conditions when found in peripheral blood)

Back 2

1. Myeloproliferative Disorder

2. acute myelogenous leukemia with maturation

3. Rare - leukemoid reaction

4. Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Front 3

Myelocyte

Back 3

1. last stage in which mitosis can occur

2. NO nucleoli - first stage where this happens

3. secondary granules appear
- determines which cell type (eosin, neut, or baso)

4. Can look like a monocyte

Front 4

Myelocyte
(associated conditions when found in peripheral blood)

Back 4

1. Myeloproliferative Disorders

2. AML with maturation

3. Neutrophilic left shift

4. Leukemoid reaction (can think of this as a profound left shift)

Front 5

MetaMyelocyte

Back 5

1. nucleus becomes indented - kidney bean shaped

2. may look like a Monocyte

Front 6

Metamyelocyte

(associated conditions when found in peripheral blood)

Back 6

1. AML with maturation

2. Myeloproliferative disorders

3. Leukemoid reactions

AML

Front 7

Band Cells

Back 7

1. Potential look alikes
a. Monocytes
b. Segmented neuts with folded nucleus

Front 8

Band cells
(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 8

1. Myeloproliferative disorders

2. neutrophilic left shift

3. leukemoid reactions

Front 9

Segmented neuts

Back 9

1. look alikes
a. monocytes

2. increased in
a. infections
b. stress
c. leukemoid reactions

Front 10

Eosinophils

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 10

1. invasive parasites

2. drug reactions

3. allergic and skin disorders

4. Hodgkin's diesase

(I HAD a parasite)

Front 11

Eosinophiles

Back 11

1. lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes

Front 12

Basophils

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 12

1. Myeloproliferative States (AML polcythemia vera)

2. Hypersensitivity reactions

3. Myxedema

Front 13

Basophils

Back 13

1. functionally similar to mast cells

2. granules contain histamine - which acts as a vasodilater and attracts other WBCs

Front 14

Monocytes

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 14

1. Chronic infections

2. Malignancy

3. inflammatory bowel disease

4. collagen vascular diseases

Front 15

Monocytes

Back 15

1. Potential look alikes
a. myelocytes
b. atypical lymphocytes
c. metamyelocytes

2. Larges leukocytes

3. commonly have vacuoles within the cytoplasm

4. ground glass cytoplasm

Front 16

Lymphocytes

Back 16

1. round nucleus that is often flat on one side.

2. potential look alikes - nucleated RBCs

3. smallest

Front 17

Lymphocytes

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 17

1. chronic infections or inflammation

2. viral illnesses

3. drug reactions

4. acute infections (pertussis, mycoplasma pneumonia, typhoid fever)

Front 18

Reactive lymphocytes

Back 18

1. an atypical lymphocyte

2. larger than regular lymphocyte

2. variable nucleus

3. fine azurophili granules and may be indented by adjacent RBC

4. Look alikes
a. blasts
b. monocytes
c. prolymphocytes
d. plasma cells
e. lymphoma cells

Front 19

Reactive lymphocytes

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 19

1. infections mono

2. CMV infection

3. other viral infections

4. drug reactions

5. Chronic inflammatory disorders (SLE or rheymatoid arthritis)

Front 20

Platelets

Back 20

1. 1/4 to 1/3 diameter of RBC

2. Potential Look alikes
a. extracellular babesia
b. stain precipitate

Front 21

Platelets

(associated conditions when increased in peripheral blood)

Back 21

1. myeloproliferative disorders

2. inflammation

3. exercise

Front 22

Platelets

(associated conditions when decreased in peripheral blood)

Back 22

1. aplastic anemia

2. marrow infiltration

3. drugs

4. viral infections

5. immune and non-immune destruction

6. sequestration

Front 23

Target Cell

Back 23

1. increased surface to volume ration

2. excessive membrane - liver disease (excess lipid)

3. less interior hemoglobin content - thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy

4. normocytic to slightly macrocytic

Front 24

Ovalocyte (Elliptocyte)

Back 24

1. preservation of central pallor

2. associated conditions (HMT SCC)
a. hereditary elliptocytosis
b. megaloblastic anemia
c. thalassemia
d. severe iron deficiency anemia
e. sickle cell anemia
f. congenital dyserythropoeitic anemia

Front 25

Acanthocyte

Back 25

`1. no central pallor

2. irregular projections

3. irregularly distributed

Front 26

>10% acanthocytes associated conditions

Back 26

1.abetalipoproteinemia

2. advanced liver disease (alcoholism)

Front 27

<10% acanthocytes associated conditions

Back 27

1. post splenectomy

2. myeloproliferative disorders

3. autoimmune hemolytic anemia

4. sideroblastic anemia

5. Thalassemia major

6 Vitamin E deficiency

Front 28

Echinocyte

Back 28

1. retains central pallor

2. normocytic

3. potential look alikes
a. acanthocytes
b. non-specific poikilocytes

Front 29

Echinocyte - associated conditions

Back 29

1. most commonly an artifact!!!

2. uremia or chronic renal disease

3. liver disease

4. myeloproliferative disorders

5. heparin therapy

6. post transfusion of aged blood

Front 30

Fragmented Cells (types)

Back 30

1. Schistocytes

2. Helmet Cell

3. Keratocyte

Front 31

Fragmented Cells
(Look alikes)

Back 31

1. bite cell

2. blister cell

3. sickle cell

Front 32

Fragmented Cells
(associated conditions)

Back 32

1. Microangiopathic anemia

2. Severe burns

3. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

4. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

5. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

6. Malignant hypertension.

Front 33

Sickle Cell
(potential look alikes)

Back 33

1. Schistocytes

2. Ovalocytes

3. Hemoglobin C crystal

4. Malarial organisms (gametes)

Front 34

Hemoglobin C Crystals

Back 34

1. Potential look-alikes:
a. Sickle cell
b. Bite cell

2. Associated conditions:
a. Hemoglobin C disease (HbCC)
b. Hemoglobin SC disease

Front 35

Howell - Jolly Body

Back 35

1. Composed of fragment of DNA

2. Typically singular but May be multiple, especially in myeloproliferative disorders and megaloblastic anemia

3. Confused with Pappenheimer bodies and basophilic stippling

Front 36

Howell Jolly Bodies
(associated Conditions)

Back 36

1. Hypo- and asplenism

2. Severe hemolytic anemia

3. Megaloblastic anemia

4. Congential dyserythropoietic anemias

Front 37

Basophilic stippling

Back 37

1. Composed of aggregated ribosomes and polyribosomes

2. Potential look-alikes:
- Pappenheimer bodies
- Howell- Jolly bodies
- Bacteria and fungi

3. Associated Conditions:
i. Lead posioning
ii. Thalassemia
iii. Refractory anemia
iv. Sideroblastic anemia
v. Megaloblastic anemia
vi. Sickle cell anemia

Front 38

Pappenheimer Bodies

Back 38

1. iron containing mitochondria

2. Composed of secondary lysosomes containing iron (non-heme) plus protein or iron-containing mitochondria

3. Visible on Wright-Giemsa (routine) stain; stain blue with Prussian Blue (iron) stain

4. Potential look-alikes:
- Basophilic stippling
- Howell Jolly bodies
- Bacteria, fungi, and parasites

4. Associated conditions: any disordder with abnormal iron metabolism
i. Sideroblastic anemia
ii. Thalassemia
iii. Post-splenectomy states
iv. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias
v. Hemolytic anemias
vi. Megaloblastic anemias