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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common cause of legal blindness in the US?
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Macular degeneration is the most common cause of what in the US?
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Define Myopia.
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Nearsightedness, when visual images come to a focus in front of the retina, is also known as what?
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Define Hyperopia.
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Farsightedness, when visual images come to focus behind the retina, is also known as what?
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Myopic vision is corrected with what type of lens?
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A convex (minus) lens is used to correct what type of vision?
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Hyperopic vision is corrected with what type of lens?
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A concave (plus) lens is used to correct what type of vision?
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Regular Astigmatism is corrected with what type of lens?
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A cylindric lens is used to correct what type of vision?
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Irregular Astigmatism is corrected with what type of lens?
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A new corneal surface is used to correct what type of vision?
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What is presbyopia?
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What is the loss of the eye's ability to focus on close objects?
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What is ambylopia?
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What is an uncorrectable decrease in vision in one or both eyes with no apparent structural abnormality?
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What is the visual acuity required to obtain a driver's license in Nevada?
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One has to have a 20/40 what to get a driver's license in Nevada?
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What is cycloplegia?
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What is paralysis of the ciliary muscle, resulting in a loss of accommodation and pupil dilation?
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What is a mydriatic?
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What can dilate the pupil?
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What is a tropia (esotropia, exotropia)?
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A deviation of the eye that is large/manifest is known as what?
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What is a Phoria (esophoria, exophoria)?
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A deviation of the eye that is latent/mild is known as what?
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What do the brainstem and cerebellum control?
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Balance, posture, and motor coordination are controlled by what part of the brain?
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Wallenburg syndrome happens because of an infarction of what area and artery?
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What syndrome is caused by an infarction of the lateral brainstem in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
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What is the treatment for Menier's disease?
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Low salt diet
Decrease caffeine, salt, chocolate Diuretics/Antiemetic/Antinausea/Antianxiety Steroids Antihistamines Even though the only thing that works is learning to live with it, all of these are suggested for what condition? |
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What is the gold standard for visualization of acoustic neuromas?
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MRI/contrast CT scan are the diagnostic imaging techniques of choice for visualization of which condition?
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Your patient complains of ringing in the ear with hearing loss, dizziness, imbalance, a fullness/pressure in the ear which sometimes pulses. He says he can hear sounds, but can't tell what is being said. His face is numb also. What do you suspect?
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Acoustic Neuroma has what distinguishing characteristics?
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What is the most common type of vertigo?
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Positional vertigo is the most common type of what?
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Positional nystagmus has what common causes?
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Trauma, viral labrynthitis, or inner ear vascular occlusion can cause what?
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Your patient complains of loud roaring/buzzing in the ears with hearing loss of mostly low frequency bass sounds. He says in one ear the sounds seem tiny/distorted. Loud noises seem to bother him more than ususal lately. What do you suspect?
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Meniere's Disease has what distinguishing features?
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Positional Vertigo has what major causes?
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Medicine, disease, aging, or trauma can cause a Ca particle to dislodge in the semicircular canal, which causes what condition?
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Your patient presents with sudden onset vertigo, nausea, disequilibrium, and positional nystagmus. What do you suspect?
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Positional vertigo presents with what common symptoms?
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Your patient comes in complaining of sudden vertigo with hearing loss and a roaring tinnitis. She says she had the flu a few weeks back. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
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Bacterial Labrynthitis can present with what distinguishing features?
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Your patient comes in complaining of sudden vertigo. She says she had the flu a few weeks back. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
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Viral Labrynthitis can present with what distinguishing features?
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What is the most common focus of siezues?
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The temporal lobe is the most common what of siezures?
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What does interictal mean?
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What is another term to describe the time between siezures?
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What type of siezure occurs in response to light or sound stimulus?
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Define reflex siezures.
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For a few seconds, usually in the mornings, a 15yo child appears clumsy due to a sudden loss of muscle tone. What type of siezures do you suspect?
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Describe Myoclonic Siezures.
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What type of siezure impairs consciousness for short periods of time (usually < 1 min.), and usually occurs in children who are not aware the siezure occured?
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Petit mal siezures have what major features?
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What type of siezures are common in boxers and football players, and usually occur within 1 year of a concussion?
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Describe Post-traumatic siezures.
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What is a general tonic clonic siezure of the whole body known as?
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Describe Grand mal siezures.
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What type of epileptic syndrome usuall occurs in 5 mo- 5 yo with fever as the initiating event?
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Benign Febrile Epileptic Syndrome happens in what age groups?
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What type of epilepsy syndrome occurs in 12-15 yo, often with spontaneous resolution?
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Benign Rolandic and Juvenile Epileptic Syndrome usually occurs in what age group?
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What type of epileptic syndrome usually occurs in young adults, and usually requires long-term anticonvulsants/lobectomy because there is little chance of remission?
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Temporal Lobe epileptic syndrome has what outcome and corresponds to what age group?
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Sudden hypersynchronous activity on an EEG is representative of what type of siezure?
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Generalized siezures have what type of appearance on an EEG?
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What type of epilepsy syndrome usually occurs with mixed siezures in mentally retarded patients who generally don't reach adulthood?
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Lennox-Gestaut epilepsy syndrome occurs in what patient population and is characterized by what type of siezures?
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Auditory hallucinations often occur as a result of siezure with what focus?
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Temporal lobe siezures are associated with the presence of what?
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What is the major control center for thermoregulation?
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The hypothalamus is the major control center for what?
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What area of the brain is responsible for temperature detection?
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The anterior hypothalamic nucleus near the lamina terminalis is responsible for what function?
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Activation of the caudolateral sympathetic effector areas will result in what changes?
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Increased body temp
Vasoconstriction Shivering Heat conservation These occur as a result of _____ of what system? |
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Activation of the rostromedial parasympathetic effector areas will result in what changes?
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Cutaneous vasodilation
Sweating Heat dissipation These occur as a result of ____ of what system? |
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Define Hypothermia.
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A core body temperature of < 95F or 35C is also known as what?
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Define Hyperthermia.
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A core body temperature of > 41C or 105.8F is also known as what?
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What is the treatment for hyperthermia?
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Rapid decrease in temperature using evaporative cooling, water and fan, ice packs/baths, but NO dantrolene or antipyretics is the treatment for what condition?
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What is the most common cause of hyperthermia?
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Environmental heat is the most common cause of what condition?
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What is the treatment for hypothermia?
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Horizontal positioning with decreased activity, fluid lavage of body cavities, warm IV fluids or esophageal tube are all treatments for what condition?
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What should be avoided when treating hypothermia? This is because the return of cold blood to the heart may cause arrhythmias, or the acid/base balance of blood returning from ischemic areas can cause shock or vascular collapse.
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Rapid warming of the periphery or extremities should be avoided in hypothermia. Why?
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What is the most common cause of hypothermia? Why?
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Alcohol is the most common cause of which abnormal thermal state? This is because it promotes vasodilation and decreases vasoconstriction.
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What is the second most common cause of death among high school students?
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Exertional Heat Stroke is the second most common cause of what among what population?
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An elderly patient presents to you with a slow increase over days of dizziness, headache, fatigue, and weakness. What is the most likely cause and the name of his condition?
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Heat exhaustion due to water depletion is more common in what patient population? What are the main symptoms?
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A traveller is taking his first hiking trip in the desert, but over the last few days has been feeling dizzy, weak, and fatigued. Today his headache is so bad, he decided to seek medical treatment. He says he's been drinking plenty of water and doesn't know why he feels this awful. What can you tell him regarding his symptoms, and what is the most likely condition?
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Heat exhaustion due to water consumption without electrolyte replacement is more common in what patient population? What are the main symptoms?
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Which pathway is in charge of humoral control of thermal regulation?
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The tubuloinfundibular pathway through the anterior hypothalamic nucleus is in charge of what?
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TRH is released after signalling from what area in response to decreased body temperature?
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The parvocellular area of the paraventricular nucleus stimulates the release of what hormone in response to ______ body temperature?
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Your patient complains of heat cramps- what do you suggest to relieve them, and what do you caution the patient to be aware of?
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What condition occurs from decreased Na? Therefore, drinking electrolyte beverages are encouraged while massaging and passively stretching the area. This condition precedes HEAT EXHAUSTION, so beware!
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A patient is complaining of a rapid heart beat and seems very confused. She's not sweating or nervous- what do you suspect? Should you be worried?
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Heat stroke is a rapid rise in temperature that is considered a medical emergency. How can you tell if a patient should be rushed to the hospital?
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Who is at risk for non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS)?
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Elderly and very young patients are at higher risk for what type of heat stroke?
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What is the main pathology of Lambert Eaton Syndrome?
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Antibodies inhibit the release of ACH by binding to Ca channels in what condition?
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What is the main pathology of Myasthenia Gravis?
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Antibodies to nicotinic cholinergic receptors block neuromuscular transmission in what condition?
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How does botulinum toxin work?
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What causes an irreversible block of ACH release by binding to the presynaptic membrane of NMJ at preganglionic autonomic terminas?
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What is the most common cause of mononeuropathy?
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Trauma is the most common cause of what type of neuropathy?
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CTS is an example of nerve compression (radiculopathy), which presents with what sensory and motor deficits?
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Pain and parasthesias and muscles weakness are more common with what type of nerve damage?
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Diseases of the peripheral nerves (polyneuropathies) usually present with what pattern? What is the pattern in Diabetic patients?
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Stocking and glove pattern is associated with what type of nerve damage? In diabetics, the distal, small, unmyelinated axons in the feet are affected first, followed by the large diameter, myelinated axons for epicritic touch in the hands.
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Lambert Eaton Syndrome is associated with which cancer?
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Small cell lung carcinoma is associated with what syndrome?
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A patient presents to you with ocular weakness and bilateral ptosis that waxes and wanes and is worse at night or after activity. CN muscles are also weak. What do you suspect?
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Myasthenia Gravis has what major symptoms?
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What is the treatment for Lambert Eaton Syndrome?
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Continued muscle activity to improve muscle strength and immunosupressants like prednisone are the treatment for what condition?
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What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis?
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors such as neostigmine or physostigmine are the treatment for what condition?
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What are the symptoms of a lower motor neuron lesion?
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Muscles initially weak, then...
Spacicity Hypertonia Hyperreflexia Altered Cutaneous Reflexes Babinski Hoffman Clonus Claspknife What type of lesion? |
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What are the symptoms of an upper motor neuron lesion?
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Flaccid paralysis
Muscle atrophy Fibrillations Fasciculations Hypotonia Hypo/areflexia What type of lesion? |
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Decerebrate rigidity (all extensors active) indicates a lesion where?
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Midbrain lesions show what type of rigidity?
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Decorticate rigidity (UL flexed, LL extended) indicates a lesion where?
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Brainstem lesions above the superior colliculus, which leave the red nucleus intact, show what type of rigidity?
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A lesion of the Supplementary/Premotor Cortex (M2) would cause what deficit?
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Inability to plan sequences of motor activity, or coordinate action on both sides of the body, are associated with a lesion where?
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What is apraxia?
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What is the term for when voluntary or learned movements cannot be performed?
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An anterior cerebral artery infarct can cause transcortical ideomotor apraxia, which is what?
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A patient cannot execute a command to move the left arm. He says he understands the command just fine, and can move the right arm with no problem. What type of apraxia is this? What artery is most likely to have infarcted?
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What is adiadochokinesis? What area of the brain does it test?
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What is the term for when a patient cannot perform rapid alternating movements? RAMs are under cerebellar control.
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What is the test for dysmetria (controlling the range of motion) to diagnose cerebellar dysfunction?
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What does the past-point sign indicate?
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Cerebellar problems will manifest what symptoms?
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Ipsilateral symptoms that are more severe with the eyes closed and tremors of tonically activated systems (balance/posture) are associated with lesions of what area of the brain?
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What is the major responsibility of the vestibulospinal tract?
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Balance is the major responsibility of which tract?
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What is the major responsibility of the reticulospinal tract?
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Posture is the major responsibility of which tract?
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What is the major responsibility of the rubrospinal tract?
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In humans, which tract has minimal responsibilities?
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Vestibulocerebellar syndrome is a common manifestation of Medulloblastoma, which has what presentation?
(Sway tends toward side of lesion) |
A kid presents with disturbed equilibrium, nystagmus, vertigo, head tilting to one side, lack of stability, walking on a wide base, he sways side-to-side tending toward the left, and has an axial tremor of his head/body. What type of lesion do you suspect, and what syndrome is it associated with?
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Pontocerebellar syndrome has what presentation?
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Ipsilateral hypotonia, ataxia, kinetic/static tremors, past-pointing, and dysarthria (scanning speech) are associated with what syndrome?
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Spinocerebellar syndrome usually overlaps with what other syndromes?
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Pontocerebellar and Vestibulocerebellar syndromes often overlap with what other syndrome?
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What is the definition of Tourette's and what is it associated with?
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What syndrome requires the presence of motor and vocal ticks for a minimum of 1 year and onset prior to age 18? Ass'd with ADD and OCD.
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Hemiballismus is ballistic movement on one side caused by what?
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Hypotonus associated with contralateral destruction of subthalamic nucleus is also known as what?
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Huntington's chorea is degeneration of what brain areas?
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Degeneration of striatum and caudate nucleus causes what disease?
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What is the most common hypokinetic disorder?
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Parkinson's is the most common disorder of what type?
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What is the main pathology of Parkinson's disease?
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The slow loss of pigmented, dopaminergic neurons in the substatia nigra pars compacta is also known as what?
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Your patient has been having rigidity mostly on one side (contralateral), but now it has progressed to both sides. You prescribe some L-dopa and he responds to treatment. What disease was it? What does your differential look like?
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Parkinson's will respond to L-dopa, while other diseases will not. Where do symptoms start?
Lewy Body Disease Shy-Dragar Syndrome Huntington's Hallorrorden Spatz Carbon-monoxide poisoning |
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Athetoid movement is associated with what lesion? Describe it.
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Slow and writhing movement associated with broad pathological changes of cortex, neostriatum, thalamus, or globus pallidus, is known as what?
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Choreas are what type of movement and what are they associated with?
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Light and graceful movements can be a sign of Huntington's disease in people over 40 with progressive dementia. What are they called?
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