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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When you auscultate the heart, what do the first and second heart sounds define?
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The duration of systole and diastole is defined by what when you auscultate the heart?
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Closure of the mitral valve produces which heart sound?
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The first heart sound, S1, is produced by closure of which valve?
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Closure of the aortic valve produces which heart sound?
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The second heart sound, S2, is produced by closure of which valve?
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An S3 is commonly heard in which patients?
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What heart sound is commonly heard in children and adolescents and in some young adults?
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A gallop sound, S3, can be a sign of what type of pathology?
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Left ventricular failure is associated with what heart sound?
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In which patients is an S3 a potential sign of pathology?
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An S3 can be a sign of what in patients over 30?
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Which heart sound may persist as late as the age of 40, especially in women?
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An s3 may persist to what age in women?
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An S3 after age 40 is highly suggestive of what conditions?
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After age 40, which sound strongly suggests either ventricular failure (CHF) or volume overload of the ventricle from valvular heart disease such as mitral regurgitation?
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Which sound is seldom heard in young adults unless they are well conditioned athletes? It is frequently heard in infants and small children.
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An S4 is frequently heard in which patients?
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Which sound may be heard in apparently healthy older people, but it is also frequently associated with decreased ventricular compliance from heart disease. (Heard frequently in Acute MI).
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An S4 in older patients over 50 is associated with what pathology, despite its frequent occurance?
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In what position would you hear an S4?
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Which heart sound is usually heard only at the apex with the patient placed in the left semilateral position?
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What is an S4 gallop?
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Wide transmission associated with a shock is pathologic and is referred to as what?
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Most murmers occur without other evidence of cardiovascular abnormality, and are thus considered ____.
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Why are most murmers considered "innocent"?
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What condition is caused by turbulence and flow disturbance in vessels or through valves?
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What causes murmers?
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Middle-aged and older adults commonly have what heart sound?
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Aortic Systolic Murmurs are common in what age group?
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What causes a systolic murmer of mitral regurgitation?
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Degenerative changes with calcification of the mitral annulus, or valve ring, impair the ability of the mitral valve to close normally during systole. This places an extra load on the heart because the mitral valve is leaking. What is this called?
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When would a systolic murmer of mitral regurgitation typically occur?
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What generally occurs about 10 years later than aortic sclerosis (Age 70)?
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Where do murmers originate?
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What originates in the large blood vessels or the heart?
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What do diastolic murmers usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound usually indicates valvular heart disease? Hear between S2 and S1.
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What do systolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound MAY indicate valvular disease, but often occurs when the heart is entirely normal? Hear between S1 and S2.
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What do midsystolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound most often is related to blood flow across the aortic and pulmonic valves? Hear after S1 and stops before S2.
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What do pansystolic (holosystolic) murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound often occurs with regurgitant (backward) flow across the atrioventricular valves? Hear starting with S1 and stopping at S2 without a gap between murmur and heart sounds.
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What do late systolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound is associated with Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)? Heard in late or mid systole and persists up to S2.
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What do early diastolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound is typically associated with regurgitant flow across incompetent semilunar (aortic/pulmonic) valves?
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What do mid-diastolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound typically reflects turbulent flow across the aortic and pulmonic valves?
Hear a short time after S2 and then fades to absent before the next S1. |
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What do presystolic murmurs usually indicate? When do you hear them?
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What sound is usually heard late in diastole and continues up to S1 without fading?
Reflects turbulent flow across the A-V valve (???) |
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What is a Grade 1 murmer?
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Which Grade?
very faint-must listen close |
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What is a Grade 2 murmer?
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Which Grade?
Quiet-heard right away |
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What is a Grade 3 murmer?
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Which Grade?
Moderately loud |
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What is a Grade 4 murmer?
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Which Grade?
Loud with palpable thrill |
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What is a Grade 5 murmer?
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Which Grade?
Very loud with thrill |
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What is a Grade 6 murmer?
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Which Grade?
Typically can hear just standing by the patient |
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What are the 4 most likely causes of murmers in children?
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Atrial Septal Defect Ventricular Septal Defect Coarctation of the Aorta These are the 4 most likely causes of what? |
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What are the three innocent murmers in children?
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Still’s Murmur
Venous Hum Pulmonary Flow Murmur These are the three what? |
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What are the most common abnormal breath sounds?
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Rales, rhonchi, and wheezes are the most common what?
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What are rales (crackles or crepitations)?
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What are small clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lung known as?
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What are believed to occur when air opens closed alveoli (air spaces)?
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How/when do rales occur?
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What are ronchi?
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What are sounds that resemble snoring known as?
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What are produced when air movement through the large airways is obstructed or turbulent?
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How/when do ronchi occur?
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When are vesicular sounds heard?
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Through inspiration
No pause Fade 1/3rd through expiration Which sounds are these? |
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Which sounds represent air blowing through the small airways, which act as baffles, thus resembling the quiet sound of a breeze rustling the leaves of a tree?
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Vesicular sounds represent what?
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What is the cycle of bronchovesicular sounds?
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Inspiratory and expiratory sounds about equal length at times separated by a silent interval. What sounds are these?
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Bronchovesicular differences in pitch and intensity are often more easily detected during which phase of the breath cycle?
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Bronchovesicular changes in what are often more easily detected during expiration?
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Where are bronchovesicular sounds classically heard?
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What sounds are classically heard in region of resolving pneumonia where some areas are consolidated allowing for bronchial breathing, and other areas of normal alveoli show the normal pattern of vesicular breathing?
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Where can bronchial sounds be heard normally?
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Which sounds can be heard over the trachea, and along the left side of the upper sternum near the angle of Louis? Are these normal or abnormal?
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Where are bronchial sounds heard abnormally?
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Which sounds are heard over areas of pneumonic consolidation (alveoli are filled with fluid, do not conduct air)? Are they normal or abnormal?
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Increased transmission of voice sounds suggests what?
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What occurence is suggestive that an air-filled lung has become airless?
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When “EE” is heard as “AY” it is called E to A change, or what?
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What is egophony?
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What is indicated by egophany?
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What phenomenon is indicative of lung consolidation?
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What are wheezes?
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What are high-pitched, musical sounds produced by narrowed airways, often occurring during expiration?
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Wheezes are commonly caused by what conditions?
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Bronchiectasis, acute or chronic bronchitis commonly cause what sound?
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