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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is ecchymoses?
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Larger hemorrhages of skin or mucous membrane?
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Which factor in coagulation is prothrombin?
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2
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Which factor in coagulation is fibrinogen?
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1
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Which factors are involved in the intrinsic system of coagulation?
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12, 11, 9, 8
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Which factors are involved in the extrinsic system of coagulation?
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TF and 7
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Which factors are part of the common system in coagulation?
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10, 5, 2, & 1
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Which factor cross links fibrin stands at the end of coagulation cascade?
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13
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In the final step of coagulation, what converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
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Activated thrombin
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How does fibrinolysis occur?
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Plasminogen is activated to plasmin, which cleaves both fibrinogen and fibrin to produce fibrin degradation products (FDP)
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What type of hemorrhage is seen with abnormalities in primary hemostasis?
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Petechiae
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What are some other common clinical signs seen with primary hemostasis abnormalities?
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Ecchymoses, epistaxis, melena, gingival bleeding, hematuria, and hematemesis
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What is the most common primary hemostasis abnormality?
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Thrombocytopenia
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What must be platelet count be for spontaneous bleeding to occur?
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Less than 20,000/uL
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What is the most common congenital hemostatic defect in humans and animals?
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Von willebrands disease
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What is von willebrands disease?
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Lack of vwf (adhesive protein) that results in abnormal platelet adhesion
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What are thrombopathias?
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True platelet function defect (platelet #s normals but do not function normally)
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What are clinical signs seen with abnormalities of secondary hemostasis?
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Subcutaneous hematomas, bleeding into joints (hemarthrosis), or into body cavities and excessive bleeding following venipuncture or surgery
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Where are coagulation factors produced?
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Liver
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Which part of coagulation cascade does PTT test?
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Intrinsic and common
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Which part of coagulation cascade does PT test?
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Extrinsic and common
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What things make chocolate toxic to dogs?
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Methylxanthines, theobromine, and caffeine
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What is the MOA of theobromine & caffeine in dogs?
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Competitively inhibit cellular adenosine receptors, which lead to CNS stimulation, diuresis, and tachycardia
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What is the MOA of methylxanthine in dogs?
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Competes for benzodiazepine receptors w/in CNS, which inhibits phosphodiesterase & increases cAMP levels
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What are some clinical signs of chocolate toxicosis?
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Polydipsia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention, restlessness, hyperactivity, polyuria, ataxia, tremors, seizures
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What is a concussion?
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Temporary loss of consciousness following head trauma
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What are the 3 phases of cutaneous wound healing?
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Inflammation, tissue formation, and tissue remodeling
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What is another name for granulation tissue?
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Stroma
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How soon after injury does granulation tissue start to form?
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4 days after injury
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What are some important growth factors for cutaneous wound healing?
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Platelet derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta1
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Which cells provide growth factors to stimulate fibroplasia and angiogenesis?
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Macrophages
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Which cells are responsible for the synthesis, deposition, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix?
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Fibroblasts
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What is newly formed matrix called?
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Provisional matrix
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What is the provisional matrix composed of?
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Fibrin, fibronectin, and hyaluronic acid
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What is the rate limiting step in the formation of granulation tissue?
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Appearance of fibronectin and integrin receptors
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What is provisional extracellular matrix gradually replaced with??
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Collagenous matrix
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How does angiogenesis get started in wound healing?
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Endothelial cells transiently deposit fibronectin within the vessel wall
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Which growth factor is critical during days 4-7 during granulation tissue formation?
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Vascular endothelial growth factor
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What is 1st intention healing?
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Edges of non-septic wound are positioned in close proximity to each other by sutures or bandages; skin heals in 2-3 days
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What is 2nd intention healing?
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Occurs when the cut edges of a wound are not brought into apposition & fibrous connective tissue fills defect in superficial & deep dermis
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Which has greater tensile strength: 1st intention healing or 2nd intention healing?
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1st intention healing
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What are the 4 phases of wound healing?
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Hemostasis, acute inflammation, proliferation (granulation), and remodeling (maturation/contraction)
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What are the components of extracellular matrix?
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Collagens, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, elastin, fibrillin, hyaluronan, syndecan
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What is the diff. b/w how superficial wounds heal vs. how deeper wounds heal?
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Superficial wounds heal by epithelial regeneration. Deeper wounds (include dermis) heal thru formation of a collagen scar.
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Gene expression by cells in a wound is regulated to a large degree by _____________
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Oxygen tension
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What do matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) do?
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Degrade collagen, proteoglycans, and elastin in injured tissues, which is then removed by phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
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What stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen and proteoglycans?
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TGF-beta
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When does the remodeling phase begin?
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2-3 weeks after injury
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How strong is the wound after 6 months?
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70% of the strength of uninjured skin
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How long does epithelialization take in clean, sutured wound?
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24-48 hours
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How long do open wounds take to complete epithelialization?
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7-10 days
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What are some secondary lesions?
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Epidermal collarette, scar, excoriation, erosion, ulcer, fissure, lichenification, hyperpigmentation, callus
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What are some primary lesions?
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Macule, patch, wheal, papule, nodule, tumor, vesicle, bulla, pustule, comedo, follicular cast, alopecia, scale, crust
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What is the difference b/w a nodule & a papule?
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Nodule is 1-2 cm and papule is less than 1 cm
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What is the difference b/w a macule and a papule?
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Macules are flat and papules are elevated
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What is the diff. b/w a vesicle and a bulla?
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Both are fluid-filled but vesicle is less than 1 cm and bulla is more than 1 cm
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What is a wheal?
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Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema
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What are 2 types of papules?
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Patch (over 1 cm) and purpura (caused by bleeding into skin)
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What are the 3 causes of papules?
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Dermal metabolic deposits, localized dermal cellular infiltrates, and localized hyperplasia of dermal epidermal cellular elements
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What is the difference b/w a papule and a plaque?
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A plaque is a palpable, larger, flat-topped elevation formed by the extension or coalition of papules
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What is a cyst?
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An epithelial lined cavity containing liquid or semi-solid material
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Which coag. factor is calcium?
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4
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Which coag. factor is fibrinogen?
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1
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Which coag. factor is prothrombin?
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2
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Which coag. factor is tissue factor, thromboplastin?
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3
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What is the first step in the coagulation cascade?
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Myogenic spasm
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Which vasoconstrictive substance does endothelium release?
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Endothelin
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Which vasoconstrictive substance does platelets release?
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Thromboxane
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Direct result of coagulation cascades is conversion of ___________ to ____________, which results in conversion of ____________ to ____________
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Prothrombin to thrombin, which results in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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What is primary hemostasis?
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Formation of platelet plug
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What is secondary hemostasis?
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Fibrin deposition and stabilization of clot
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