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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of trematodes have separate sexes?
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Schistosomes
NOTE: other flukes are hermaphrodites |
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What is the definitive host for schistosomes?
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Human
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What is the intermediate host for schistosomes?
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Snail
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What part of the body do adult schistosomes inhabit?
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Portal and mesenteric vessels
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Why can schistosome infection in the U.S. not be transmitted?
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Lack of appropriate snail species
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What is the clinical presentation of schistosomiasis a.k.a?
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Bilharzia or Bilharziosis
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How do most schistosome infections present?
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Most are actually asymptomatic
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What are the 3 major syndromes assoc. w/ schistosomes?
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Dermatitis ("swimmer's itch")
Katayama fever (ACUTE schistosomiasis) Chronic schistosomiasis |
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Where in the U.S. is dermatitis (schistosome) most prevalent?
What type of schistosome does this involve? |
Great Lakes region
NOTE: this most commonly involves AVIAN schistosomes |
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Stage of schistosome life cycle corresponding to Katayama fever
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Worms have matured
Beginning of egg deposition |
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Stage of schistosome life cycle corresponding to Chron. Schisto.
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Mature worms
Heavy egg deposition |
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What part(s) of the body is chronic schistosomiasis most common in?
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Liver and intestines
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Where in the body are S. haematobium lesions found?
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Bladder and uterus
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What is Symmers' pipestem fibrosis?
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Continuous fibrosis elicited in the liver
(due to granulomatous response to schistosome eggs) NOTE: eggs can also lodge in the lung and spinal cord |
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What is the DOC for schistosomes?
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Praziquantel
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What is the intermediate host for clonorchis sinensis?
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Snail
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How do humans become infected w/ clonorchis sinensis?
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Eating undercooked fish
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Where in the body do adult clonorchis sinensis mature?
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Bile ducts
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Where in the body do clonorchis sinensis excyst?
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Duodenum
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What is the DOC for clonorchis sinensis?
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Praziquantel
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What parasitic infection is opisthochiasis most similar to?
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Clonorchiasis
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What are the natural hosts for Fasciola hepatica?
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Sheep and cattle
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Where do fasciola hepatica encyst?
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Aquatic grasses and plants
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How do humans get infected w/ fasciola hepatica?
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By eating watercress
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Where in the body are adult fasciola hepatica located?
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Biliary system
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What do early infections w/ fasciola hepatica cause?
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RUQ pain
Enlarged liver Eosinophilia Later --> bile duct obstruction, biliary cirrhosis |
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What is the DOC for fasciola hepatica?
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Bithionol
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What part of the intestine do intestinal flukes inhabit?
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Upper portion of the small intestine
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What do fasciolopsis buski encyst on?
Where (in the world)? |
Aquatic plants
SE Asia, Far east |
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What do heterophyes heterophyes encyst on?
Where (in the world)? |
Brackish fish
NILE DELTA, SE Asia, Far east |
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What is the DOC for intestinal flukes?
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Praziquantel
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What two parasites are intestinal flukes?
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Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes |
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What are common Sx of intestinal fluke infection?
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Diarrhea
Ab pain Signs of malabsorption in stools |
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Where in the body are adult paragon. westermani found?
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Lung parenchyma (close to bronchioles)
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Where are egges of paragon. westermani found?
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Coughed up in the sputum of infected people
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What is the intermediate host for paragon. westermani?
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Snail
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What do paragon. westermani encyst on?
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Crayfish and crabs
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How do humans get infected w/ paragon. westermani?
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Eating undercooked crustaceans
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What is the DOC for paragon. westermani?
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Praziquental
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What is the scolex?
The strobila? |
The head of a tapeworm
The tail of a tapeworm |
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How do tapeworms attach to our small intestines?
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W/ suckers or hooks on their scolices
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What is the range of sizes tapeworms can come in?
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Few millimeters to 25 meters
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What is the definitive host for cestodes (tapeworms)?
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Human
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What is the intermediate host for diphyllobothrium latum?
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Copepods, then fish
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What is the intermediate host for echinococcus granulosus?
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Sheep, cattles, humans
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What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis?
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Rodents, humans
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How do humans get infected w/ taenia saginata?
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Eating undercooked beef w/ cysts
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How can taenia saginata infection be diagnosed?
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MOTILE proglottids in stool
NOTE: release is sporadic, so stools on several days may be needed |
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What is the treatment for taenia saginata?
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Praziquantel or Niclosamide
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How do humans get infected w/ taenia solium?
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Eating undercooked pork w/ cysts
OR Eating undercooked pork w/ eggs inside --> cysticercosis |
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What is cysticercosis?
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Infection w/ taenia solium eggs leading to CYST FORMATION
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What is the most common parasitic disease of the CNS?
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Neurocysticercosis
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How does stool detection of T. solium differ from T. saginata?
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T. solium proglottids are NON-motile
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What is the treatment for T. solium?
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Praziquantel or niclosamide
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What are the treatment options for cysticercosis?
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Albendazole, Praziquantel, or surgical removal of cysts
NOTE: intraocular cysts should NOT be treated w/ drugs |
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What are the intermediate hosts of diphyllobothrium latum?
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1st -- snail
2nd -- fish |
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How long can diphyllobothrium latum grown?
How long can they survive? |
Up to 25 meters
Up to 30 years |
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What are some of the Sx of diphyllobothrium latum infection?
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Ab discomfort, Salt craving, Diarrhea
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 def.) |
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What are the treatment options for diphyllobothrium latum?
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Praziquantel or nuclosamide
B12 if necessary |
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How is hymenolepsis nana spread?
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Human to human
Fecal-oral, or autoinfection |
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Life cycle of hymenolepsis nana
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Eggs hatch to oncospheres
Encyst as cysticercoid larvae Cyst ruptures to form adult worm ALL of this happens in the human intestine |
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How big can adult hymenolepsis nana get?
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15 - 50 millimeters
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What are the treatment options for hymenolepsis nana?
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Praziquantel or niclosamide
NOTE: cystercoid cysts may require a 2nd treatment (not as susceptible to drugs) |
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What type of cyst does. E. granulosus cause?
Where in the body are the most common sites? |
Hydatid cysts
Liver and lungs |
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What type of cyst does E. multilocularis cause?
Where in the body is the most common site? |
Alveolar cysts
Liver |
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What is the definitive host of Echinococcus?
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Dogs
Humans are inadvertent hosts (ingest eggs by contamination w/ feces of infected dogs) |
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What are the treatment options for E. granulosus?
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Surgical resection
Albendazole or mebendazole |
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How do E. multilocularis cysts reproduce?
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Asexually
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How is E. multilocularis infection treated?
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Surgical removal and adjunct Albendazole therapy
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