Block 4 Embryology Md 1 Cvs Part A

Front 1

PTA is usually assoiciated with =
3ct

Back 1

w/ asd
w/cardiomegaly
w/ DiGeorge

murmur
Cyanosis presents at birth

Front 2

TOF
2 anatomical findings =

usually assoiciated with =
1ct

Back 2

aorta bigger &
pulmo A is smaller
w/ DiGeorge

Front 3

Transpo-of-Great arteries
cyanosis right after birth

ct associations
h+

Back 3

Alcohol
Mother >40
PDA
Rubella

Hint 3

A
M
P
R

Front 4

Conditions that cause sinuses
right after birth
4ct

Back 4

PTA
TOF
TGA
(Transposition of great artery)
Tricuspid Atresia

(ALL Ts)

(what defects can cause sinuses later in life) =
3ct

Hint 4

(can cause sinuses later in life)
ASD
PDA
VSD

Front 5

PDA

No _________ after birth therefore it is called =

Back 5

sinuses

Acyonotic.

associated with...

Hint 5

-Premature /@ Hi-altitudes
-Rubella
-aorta & pulmonary artery opening supra heart area & closes after birth.

(prostaglandin keeps it open)
(prostaglandins keep open the ductus arteriosis: after birth pressure drops the prostaglandins. )
primary Tx is Prostaglandin inhibitor =
NSAID then surgical option

DA closes 1-2 hours after birth

Front 6

Coarctation of Aorta

> in M or F =

Back 6

males


Assoc w/ what conditions 4ct

Hint 6

-Berry aneurism
-Bicuspid aortic valve
(normo is tricuspid)
-Neurofibromatosis
-Notching of Rib
-Turners

Front 7

VSD

S/S & Associations

Back 7

SOB
Easy tiring
Down syndrome

Front 8

this Dz is the
most common of the
Congenital cardiac anomalies.


associated with other congenital conditions, such as

Back 8

VSD


SOB
Easy tiring
Down syndrome

Front 9

Muscular VSDs, representing 20% of isolated VSDs, are completely surrounded by muscle.
 Muscular VSDs can be multiple, and have been described as having a ____ _______ appearance.

Back 9

"swiss-cheese"

Front 10

A VSD is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.

3 types:

Back 10

Membranous VSD
Muscular VSD
Common ventricle

Front 11

A large VSD is initially associated with a
3ct

Back 11

-L R shunting of blood
-increased pulmonary blood flow
-pulmonary hypertension

Hint 11

Front 12

VSD test
used to make a definite diagnosis

Back 12

Echocardiogram

Front 13

PTA is usually accompanied by a

Back 13

membranous VSD

marked cyanosis.

Hint 13

Front 14

L R shunting of blood
increased pulmonary blood flow
pulmonary hypertension

Back 14

VSD

Front 15

. About 35% of patients have DiGeorge syndrome.

Most of the time, this defect occurs spontaneously. Genetic disorders, and teratogens (viruses, metabolic imbalance, and industrial or pharmacological agents) have been associated as possible causes.
=

Back 15

PTA

Front 16

the most common type of VSD.

Back 16

Membranous VSD:

Front 17

TOF is characterized by four classic malformations:

Back 17

pulmonary stenosis
right ventricular hypertrophy,
overriding aorta
ventricular septal defect (VSD)

(__-__ shunting of blood)

chromosome __ deletions

Classic physical sign =
2ct

Hint 17

R to L

CHROMO- 22

Clubbing of fingers and toes
x-ray "boot shaped" heart and dark lungs

Front 18

abnormal neural crest cell migration

Back 18

TOF
TGA

Front 19

DIgeorge associations

Back 19

PTA
TOF

Front 20

TGA

It is incompatible with life unless an accompanying shunt exists like a
3ct

Back 20

VSD,
patent foramen ovale,
PDA.

Front 21

3 Types of VSD =

Back 21

Membranous VSD
Muscular VSD
Common ventricle

Most common =
2nd most common =

Hint 21

Membranous VSD
Muscular VSD

Front 22

the 8 types of Embryologic Cardiac Defects

Back 22

1.Common atrium:

2. Atrial septal defect (ASD):

3. Persistent common AV canal:

4. Tricuspid atresia
(hypoplastic right heart):

5.Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)

6. Persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) :

7. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF):

8. Transposition of the great arteries:

Front 23

Ebstein's anomaly :

Back 23

a heart defect in which the tricuspid valve is abnormally formed and placed lower than normal in the right ventricle.

The tricuspid valve normally has three “flaps” or leaflets. In Ebstein’s anomaly, one or two of the three leaflets are stuck to the wall of the heart and don’t move normally.

Failure of fusion of the tricuspid leaflets with the annulus fibrosus results in Ebstein's anomaly.

Recall: Annulus fibrosus cordis — fibrous ring of heart

Front 24

Causes of VSD:

Back 24

In most people, the cause isn’t known but genetic factors may play a role

VSDs are the most common congenital cardiac anomalies.

Front 25

Tet spells is what

associated w/ what cardiac malformation =

Back 25

- result from a rapid drop in the amount of oxygen in the blood.
-Toddlers or older children may instinctively squat when they are short of breath.
-Squatting increases blood flow to the lungs.

-Infrequently, babies with tetralogy of Fallot will suddenly develop deep blue skin, nails and lips after crying, feeding or upon awakening. These episodes are called "Tet spells

Front 26

1.Common atrium:

Back 26

complete failure of septum primum and septum secundum to develop.

-formation of one atrium.

Front 27

2. Atrial septal defect (ASD):

Back 27

congenital heart defect in which the IAS of atrias does not close completely.

Hint 27

►Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect
-most common type of ASD.
......occurs in the center of the septum between the right and left atrium.

-A variant of this type of ASD is called a patent foramen ovale (PFO)

►Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect
- next most common
-located in the lower portion of the atrial septum.
-will have a mitral valve defect

►Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect
-least common type of ASD
- upper portion of the atrial septum.

Front 28

3. Persistent common AV canal:

Back 28

aka = atrioventricular septal defect

(AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD),or "endocardial cushion defect", is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart.

►It is caused by an abnormal or inadequate fusion of the superior and inferior endocardial cushions with the mid portion of the atrial septum and the muscular portion of the ventricular septum.

Front 29

4. Tricuspid atresia
(hypoplastic right heart):

Back 29

insufficient amount of AV
cushion tissue available
for the formation of the
tricuspid valve.

Front 30

5.Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)

Back 30

the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.


3 types:
=

Hint 30

Membranous VSD
Muscular VSD
Common ventricle

Front 31

6. Persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) :

Back 31

-caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration such that there is only partial development of the AP septum.

-primitive truncus does not divide into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

Front 32

7. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF):

Back 32

abnormal NCC migration
causing a skewed development of AP septum.

-pulmonary trunk = small whereas
-aorta = large diameter.

TOF is characterized by 4 classic malformations:

Hint 32

pulmonary stenosis
right ventricular hypertrophy,
overriding aorta
ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Front 33

8. Transposition of the great arteries:

Back 33

caused by
-abnormal neural crest cell migration
- nonspiral development of the AP septum.

Front 34

PFO
Patent Foreman Ovale

is a variant of what defect

Back 34

2. Atrial septal defect
(ASD):
-Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect variant

+

Hint 34

ASD is a congenital heart defect in which the IAS of atrias does not close completely.

►Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect
is the most common type of ASD. It occurs in the center of the septum between the right and left atrium. A variant of this type of ASD is called a patent foramen ovale (PFO)