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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what kind of reflex is chewing
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voluntary start, CN V rhythmic reflex
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describe the orad and caudad
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orad does not contract, expands to accomodate food; caudad has peristaltic contractions to mix food
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how is parietal cell stimulated to secrete HCl
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increase KHE channels cause increase HCL secretion
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what is function of HCl
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converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin
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what is intrinsic factor
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secreted by parietal cell, to bind B12 and help resorb
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how is pyloric sphincter regulated
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CCK or high acidity will cause contraction of sphincter to increase digestion time
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what is migrating myoelectric complex
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during fasting; peristaltic contractions to sweep entire GI of food to prevent bacterial buildup
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how is motility regulated
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fasting (MMC) and eating (secretions) will increase motility; sympathetics will inhibit
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how are pancreatic enzymes activated
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secretion of CCK, which is stimulated by fat/protein in the small intestine
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what cell secretes pepsin
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chief cell of the stomach
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what is oral tolerance
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mucosa is in constant state of inflammation; suppression of immune system against food proteins
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explain how food allergy occurs, two primary complications
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failure of oral tolerance; IgE against food protein bind to mast cells and cause diarrhea and anaphylaxis
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what is state of baby GI system when born
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sterile
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list benefits of microbes in the digestive tract
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1. develop immune system, 2. mucosal proliferation/differentiation, 3. metabolism (microbes secrete specific amino acids)
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what is cystinuria
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defect in cystine resorption at the kidneys, resulting in elevated cystine in urine that may precipitate into crystals
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pathogenesis of cystinuria
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cystine precipitates
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describe testing performed to dx lactase deficiency
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1. ingest lactase, monitor blood glucose; 2. hydrogen breath test (microbes metabolize lactase to hydrogen gas)
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what are ways to trigger gastrin release
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sight of food, distension of stomach, presence of protein products in stomach
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actions of CCK
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gallbladder contraction, stimulate pancreatic secretions, inhibit stomach emptying
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action of secretin
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low pH causes secretin release, makes pancreas release bicarbonate
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what does GIP do
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in response to fatty acids or a.a. will slow gastric emptying and inhibit pancreatic secretions
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what does motilin do
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released during fasting to initiate myoelectric complex
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what does each cell secrete and function: G cell, D cell, I cell, K cell
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G: gastrin > parietal secretion + stomach motility; D: somatostatin > inhibit G/parietal cell (when low stomach pH); I: CCK > gallbladder, pancreas, oddi; K: GIP > slows everything down (parietal) if foodstuffs reaches jejunum/duodenum
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what does each cell secrete and function: endocrine, P/D1 cell, ECL cell, EC cell
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endocrine: motilin > MMC, wall motlity; P/D1: ghrelin: fasting gastric emptying and parietal secretion; ECL: histamine > parietal cell secretion; EC: serotonin > wall motility
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