Block 2 Week 2

Front 1

Teratogens
2 general types

Back 1

general stressor and ones that disrupt a specific pathway

Front 2

siRMA

Back 2

synthetic or exogenous dsRNA of ~21-nt in size, which forms the RISC complex and cleaves its target mRNA if it has perfect complementarity with its target. 


Front 3

microRNA (miRNA)

Back 3

--> affects protein translation & mRNA decay

generated within the cell, highly conserved, imperfect complementarity with mRNA sequences, but can affect protein translation and mRNA decay by binding to its imperfectly matched target sites on 3' UTR region of a mRNA,

Front 4

How does low insulin affect lipid levels?

Back 4

Low insulin – (in adipose) there is less lipolysis repressed by insulin
allowing FFA to be released into the blood
high FFA in serum, FFA in skeletal muscle causes MORE insulin resistance

Front 5

mitogen?
Mitogenesis ?

Back 5

chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis

Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen.

Front 6

Hormone classification

Back 6

-amino acid derived hormones --> catecholamines & thyroxine
-peptide hormones --> insulin/GH
-protein hormones
-glycoprotein hormones -->LH/FSH

lipid derived
-cholesterol derived --> estrogen
-Eicosanoids --> prostaglandins

Front 7

insulin signaling pathwat

Back 7

IR→ IRS → PI3K → Akt

Front 8

TNF alpha

Back 8

is an important cytokine produced in large amounts by activated macrophages --> mediates inflammation & apoptosis

Front 9

how does TNF alpha cause insulin resistance?

Back 9

Several serine kinases that are activated by TNFα, including JNK-family MAPKs and IKK, phosphorylate IRS proteins and inhibit their ability to activate downstream signaling cascades, such as PI3K → Akt critical for responsiveness to insulin. Thus, chronic serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins induces resistance to insulin action.

Front 10

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

Back 10

benign tumor originating from a gland

-a cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue (or secretory properties)

Front 11

in situ ?

Back 11

intermediate between in vivo and in vitro. For example, examining a cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed before experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments)

Front 12

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) ?

Back 12

early form of cancer that is defined by the absence of invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue, usually before penetration through the basement membrane. In other words, the neoplastic cells proliferate in their normal habitat, hence the name "in situ" (Latin for "in its place"). For example, carcinoma in situ of the skin, also called Bowen's disease, is the accumulation of neoplastic epidermal cells within the epidermis only, that has failed to penetrate into the deeper dermis.

Front 13

Dysplasia vs carcinoma in situ vs invasive carcinoma

-order of progression towards cancer

Back 13

dysplasia --> carcinoma in situ --> invasive carcinoma (cancer)

Front 14

Prolactin inhibits the release of ?

Back 14

GnRH

Front 15

What stimulates/inhibits prolactin secretion?
-Which one is dominant?

Back 15

TRH stimulates prolactin secretion
Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion and is the dominant force

Front 16

what is treatment for prolactinomas?

Back 16

Dopamine

Front 17

GLUT 2 is found where?

Back 17

-Liver
-Pancreatic Beta cells

Front 18

GLUT 1 is found where?

Back 18

-Brain (highest at blood-brain barrier)
-RBC

Front 19

wolchaff effect?

Back 19

excess iodine leads to hypothyroidism → The body is stuck in this state and does NOT “escape”

Front 20

methamozale, and PTU

Back 20

inhibit thyroid peroxidase enzyme in thyroid follicles

Front 21

Conn syndrome

Back 21

Adrenocortical adenoma that secretes excess aldosterone

Front 22

Addison’s disease

Back 22

dec. corticosteroids (caused by Tb, HIV viruses, fungal infection)

-primary addison’s --> causing hyperpigmentation due to inc. MSH

Front 23

Why is menstruation similar to parturition?

Back 23

Both are due to a dec in progesterone responsiveness, both have contractions of the uterus (in menstruation progesterone drops, in parturition progesterone sensitivity drops)

Front 24

Chromaffin cells

Back 24

found in the medulla of the adrenal gland

Front 25

Pheochromocytoma

Back 25

- neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells),
-secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines,

Front 26

Histocyte ?

Back 26

macrophage cell

Front 27

Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome?

Back 27

Diabetic nephropathy also known as:
•Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome
•Nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis
•Intercapillary glomerulonephritis

progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli.
-due to longstanding diabetes mellitus

Front 28

Myxedema

Back 28

-Can refer to subcutaneous edema or the symptoms causes by hypothyroidism (low energy, low, HR, hypothermia)

Front 29

Grave’s disease- histology

Back 29

shows “scalloping” within the follicle edges

Front 30

Chromaffin cells

Back 30

found in the medulla of the adrenal gland

Front 31

Pheochromocytoma

Back 31

- neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells),
-secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines,

Front 32

Histocyte ?

Back 32

macrophage cell

Front 33

Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome?

Back 33

Diabetic nephropathy also known as:
•Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome
•Nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis
•Intercapillary glomerulonephritis

progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli.
-due to longstanding diabetes mellitus

Front 34

Myxedema

Back 34

-Can refer to subcutaneous edema or the symptoms causes by hypothyroidism (low energy, low, HR, hypothermia)

Front 35

Grave’s disease- histology

Back 35

shows “scalloping” within the follicle edges

Front 36

Bromocriptine

Back 36

dopamine agonist

Front 37

Octreotide

Back 37

somatostatin agonist
-inhibits GH secretion

Front 38

sheehan syndrome

Back 38

during pregnancy hormones inc, pituitary doubles in size but blood supply does not and is susceptible to infarction, during birth you can lose a lot of blood
-poor lactation (loss of prolactin) and loss of pubic hair (due to loss of LH)

Front 39

apoplexy

Back 39

bleeding into an adenoma --> the adenoma grows and causes mass defects

Front 40

empty sella syndrome

Back 40

sell turcica that normally contains the pituitary is empty, usually due to a tumor of the meninges pushing out and destroying the pituitary