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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of channels is rich in the synaptic bouton?
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Ca+ channels (voltage gated)
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How is Herpes transported to the dorsal root ganglion?
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Retrograde intaneural transmission
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How is Herpes transported to the periphery when it flares up?
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Antergrade intraneural transmission
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Where polio virus is located?
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Ventral horn motor neurons
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What is the classical sign of polio infection?
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Lower motor neuron. Flaccid paralys
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How is rabies spread to the central nervous system?
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Retrograde , through both sensory and motor
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Where do you see Negri bodies in rabies/
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hippocampus and cerebellar cortex
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On which neurons tetanus toxin acts and which neurotransmitter is prevented from release?
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renshaw neurons. Prevents glycine and GABA release
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What are the two important types of synapses?
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excitatory, inhibitory
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What is the potential recorded when two electrodes are placed in the neurons interconnected by the gap junctions?
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.
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What are the protein molecules which form the hemichannels in gap junctions?
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connexins
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What are the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?
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difficulty walking, frequent tripping, foot drop, distal leg weakness, steppage gait
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Which cell has pathology in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?
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schwann cells
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Which channels open when the presynaptic terminal is depolarized?
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voltage gated ca channels
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Which ions are necessary for the release of contents of synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft?
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ca+
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What type of potentials is ggenerated in the postsynaptic neuron?
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AP
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What is the effect of action potentials on the presynaptic terminal?
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Opening of voltage gated Ca channels
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What type of potentials is generated in the chemical synapses?
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IPSP, EPSP
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What type of channels predominates in the postsynaptic membrane?
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Na/K
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If the postsynaptic neuron were to show the excitatory postsynaptic potential what type of channelin postS
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Na/K
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If the postsynaptic membrane were to show the inhibitory postsynaptic potential, what types of channels in posts
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Cl-
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Name the two types of receptors of neurotransmitters?
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Inhibitory, excitatoryna
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Which channels are opened to bring about the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
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Na/K
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Which channels are opened to bring about the inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
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Cl or K
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Name two locations of a neuron where you see rich collection of voltage gated sodium channels?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Which channels are open during the rising phase of action potential?
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Na
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Which channels are open during the falling phase of action potential?
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K
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Which is the marker to identify the astrocytes?
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Swollen ends that cling to neurons, star shaped
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Name all the functions of astrocytes?
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Provide stiffness via GFAP to neurons, extraneural space in CNS,
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What is the function of oligodendrocyte?
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K ion resrvoirs
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Which cell present in CNS is derived from the mesoderm?
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migroglia
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Which one of the glial cell may retain its stem cell properties?
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microglia
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Name the glia which helps to scavenge the potassium exclusively?
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astrocytes
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Which glial cell is phagocytic?
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microglia
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Which is responsible for the motility and change of the shape of the neuron?
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microtubules
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Which radioactive material is used to trace the anterograde transport?
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H-Leucine
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Which chemical can break up the microtubules by depolymerization?
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cochicine
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What happens to the secretion if microtubules were to be disrupted by a chemical?
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secretion stops
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What viruses are spread by using the retrograde transport?
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rabies, herpes simplex/zoster, poliomyelits
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What type of intermediate filaments is present in astrocytes?
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GFAP
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What is the difference between the intermediate filaments of neurons and GFAP of astrocytes?
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GFAP are not cross linked extensively
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Which protein forms the microfilaments?
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actin
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Which protein is responsible to move the material down from the cell body to the terminal?
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kinesin
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Which protein is responsible to move the material up towards the cell body?
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dynein
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Which enzyme is used to trace retrograde transport?
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horseradishperoxidase
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Enzymes needed for the small molecule neurotransmitters are produced where?
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Cell body
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Where the small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized?
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In the presynaptic terminal, locally from locally available ingredients by cytoplasmic enzymes
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Where the large protein neurotransmitters precursors are produced and how are they transmitted?
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Produced in cell body, tramsitted through vesicles and large AP5
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Name amino acid neurotransmitters?
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Glutamate, glycine, GABA, aspartate
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Name catecholamine neurotransmitters?
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Dopamine, epi, NE
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Name three peptide neurotransmitters?
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Dynorphin, encephalines, substance p, cholecystokinin
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Which ions are necessary for the docking of vesicles to the presynaptic membrane?
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Ca+ ion
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Why large concentration of calcium is required for the release of peptide neurotransmitters?
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Bc Ca helps vesicles to get docked to presynaptic membrane
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Which family of proteins helps in docking?
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synaptogmin
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Which vesicular protein helps in docking?
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V-snare proteins
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What is the action of botulinum toxin in the presynaptic terminal?
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It cleaves the V-snare and inhibits muscular contraction by stopping Ach vesicles from reaching presynaptic membrane
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Which proteins are cleaved by the botulinum toxin?
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V-snare
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Which protein is cleaved by the tetanus toxin?
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V snare of renshaw neuron
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Name the two types of receptors of neurotransmitters?
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Ionotropic, metabotropic
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Which channels are opened to bring about the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
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Opening of Na channels
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Which channels are opened to bring about the inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
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Cl channels
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Which poisons that block the neuromuscular transmission of acetylcholine?
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Alpha bungarotoxin
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Name two locations of a neuron where you see rich collection of voltage gated sodium channels?
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postS membrane, internodes (ranvier)
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Which receptor directly opens the ion channel after sticking of a ligand?
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Ionotropic receptors
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Which receptor acts by changing the intracellular metabolic reactions?
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Metabotropic receptors
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Will the agonist has the same action as the receptor or not?
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yes
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Will the antagonist has the same action as the receptor or not?
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no
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What are the different processes of termination of neurotransmitter action?
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enzyme degredation, reuptake, uptake by glial cells, diffusion out of synaptic cleft
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Name the drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic bouton?
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floxetine
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Which drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine?
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cocaine
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Which drug prevents the uptake of Norepinephrine into its vesicles?
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reserpine
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Name two types of acetylcholine receptors
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nicotinic, muscarinic
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Where do you see the nicotinic receptors?
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skeletal muschle (NMJ)
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Where do you find the Muscuranic receptors?
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PNS??
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What is nicotinic receptor agonist?
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nicotene
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What is nicotinic receptor antagonist?
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alpha bungarottoxin
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What is Muscuranic receptor antagonist?
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enhances activity of muscarinic receptor MUSCARINE
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Why the Muscuranic receptor action is slow and sustained?
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bc they are metabotropic
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Name the locations where the cholinergic neurons are located?
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motor neurons, preG autonomic neurons, postG parasym, basal nucleus of meynert, dorsal tegmentum of pons
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What type of neurons is present in the basal nucleus of Meynert and it is implicated in what?
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Cholinergic but is degraded in AZ
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Which enzyme helps in the degradation of acetylcholine?
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acetylcholinestarease
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What happens to the receptors when the acetylcholine is not degraded?
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prolonged effect/desensitization
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What types of receptors are present in the motor end plate in neuromuscular junction?
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nicotinic
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Which neurotransmitter is the ligand for these receptors at the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction?
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ACH and nicotine
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What type of potentials begins in the motor end plate?
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End plate potential
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Where action potentials are generated in the muscle?
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Motor end plate
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Where do you find the acetylcholine transporters?
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Body of the neuron
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Where do you find the choline reuptake transporters?
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In axon terminal
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Where do you find the dopamine vesicular transporters?
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Presynaptic terminal
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Where do you find the dopamine reuptake transporters?
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c
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Name one poison which inhibits acetylcholinesterase?
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Organophostphates (serin)
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What happens when acetylcholininesterase is inhibited?
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c
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Where and how does alpha bungarotoxin act?
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c
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Name the muscarinic ach receptor agonist which inc’s HR and dilates pupils
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c
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In the skeletal muscle postS membrane, what type of channels predominate?
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c
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Which poisons block the NM transmission of Ach at the receptor level
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c
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Antibodies to which channels are developed in lambert E syndrome?
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c
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Why is Small cell lung cancer assoc w/ LES?
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c
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2 signs of LES?
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c
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MG has what antibodies?
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Tensilon test
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c
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MG signs?
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c
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Cholinergic but is degraded in AZ
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c
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acetylcholinestarease
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c
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