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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two phases of a grand mal seizure?
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Tonic (you go stiff and fall down)
Clonic (rhythmic movements / convulsions) |
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What is a petit mal seizure?
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You have a very brief unconscious period. Don't fall to the floor or do weird movements
"Not there" for a moment |
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Focal epilepsy
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A certain area of the brain is firing --> certain muscles will twitch
You may feel weird sensations There may be activation of memories or olfactory experiences |
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What is psychomotor epilepsy?
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Part of focal epilepsy ?
There is activation of memories or olfactory experiences |
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What is happening to the glutamate and GABA receptors during an epileptic episode?
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Neurons are firing excessively
Lots of glutamate excitation, reduced inhibition by GABA |
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What are the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the fluidity of the membrane?
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Acute - get increased fluidity
Chronic - more rigid |
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What is nystagmus?
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Involuntary eye movement
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What is ataxia?
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Motor incoordination
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What subunits do benzos act on to cause sedation and anxiolysis?
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Sedation - alpha1
anxiolysis - alpha2 |
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How much alcohol does a 70kg person metabolise p/hour?
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10g (ie one standard drink)
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How many grams and mLs in one SD?
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10g
12.7 mL |
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How many deaths are caused by alcohol in australia p/year?
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4000
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What percentage of all male deaths are due to alcohol?
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7%
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What percentage of all female deaths are due to alcohol?
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4%
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How do age and gender affect your risk of suffering from withdrawal?
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Increased risk with female gender and increased age
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How do you treat opioid withdrawal at the hospital?
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Buprenorphine for 2-5 days then put them on maintenance therapy
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How do you treat EtOH withdrawal at the hospital?
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Diazepam (low dose, slow action)
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What percentage of all drug related deaths are due to tobacco?
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80%
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What percentage of Australians have tried heroin?
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2%
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How many litres of body fluid do we have? And how is it distributed in the body?
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40L in total
25L = intracellular 15 = extracellular - 3L = plasma, 12 = interstitial fluid |
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What is circulatory shock?
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When ischaemia starts to cause tissue damage
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What is the definition of ischaemia ? how is it different to circulatory shock?
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Ischaemia - the blood flow to an organ / tissue isn't sufficient to supply its metabolic demands
Circulatory shock is when this results in tissue damage |
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What is progressive shock?
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We get a vicious cycle starting because the CV system has been damaged now
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For every death from a RTI, how many people require hospitalisation and how many are permanently disabled?
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20 get hospitalised
2 are permanently disabled |
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What percentage of motorists involved in fatal road accidents in Australia have an illegal BAC?
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1/3
Men account for 80% of these drivers! |
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What is the acronym for early intervention with alcoholics / heavy drinkers?
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FLAGS
F = feedback information about what harm they are doing to themselves (make it personalised) L = listen A = advise them to change G = goals - help them to set realistic goals and S = strategies to achieve their goals |
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What are the three things that a doctor must be in order to be considered 'fit to practice'?
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1- Registered ie they have adequate training and experience
2- Healthy (physically, emotionally and mentally) 3- Professional - ie they have good performance and conduct |
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What is the 'doctrine of necessity'
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Dr doesn't need to get consent from a person to help them in an emergency if that person is unable to provide consent (eg unconscious)
If they can provide consent, you must get it before providing assistance |
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What is the good samaritan legislation?
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it covers people who try to help out in emergency situations
(doctors and others) |
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What behaviour is not covered under the good samaritan legislation?
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- Pretending to be a doctor / emergency services person when you're not
- Helping out if you're intoxicated on drugs/alcohol - Intentional or negligent act or omission that results in death or injury |
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Where is vasopressin released from? And under what circumstances?
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Released from the pituitary
When blood volume is low, the atrial and arterial receptors' firing rate is decreased --> signal to the pituitary to release vasopressin |
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What does vasopressin do?
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Vasoconstriction of BVs
Increased reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- at the kidney (vasopressin is aka ADH - anti-diuretic hormone) |
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Why do you get cool, pale skin during shock?
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Because of vasoconstriction in the BVs supplying the skin
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Why do you get sweating during shock?
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Due to the increased action of the sympathetic system
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Why do you get decreased urine production?
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Two reasons - decreased parasympathetic adn increased symp innervation
- ADH and aldosterone --> increased NaCl reabsorption (H20 will follow them) |
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Why do you get increased risk of blood clots with blood loss?
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Low BV --> cells are using anaerobic respiration --> produce lots of lactic acid --> icnreased conc of H+ ions
This makes the RBCs more 'sticky' ie more likely to clot |
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What are some examples of metabolic bone diseases?
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Osteoporosis
osteomalacia Paget's |
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What is osteomalacia?
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Decreased mineralisation of the bone (because there isn't enough Ca2+ and PO43- around)
--> soft and painful bones Often due to not enough vitamin D --> not enough calcitriol --> don't get enough absorption of the minerals across the gut |
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What is rickets?
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Osteomalacia in the growth plates of kids
ie they don't have enough mineralisation of the newly forming bone --> short stature and bone deformities |
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What factors can lead to osteoporosis?
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- Decreased mechanical loading (eg bed rest)
- Low blood sex steroids (menopause) - Excess glucocorticosteroids (often given to suppress the imm system) - Chronically high PTH levels (eg parathyroid adenoma) |
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What areas of the body have particularly high levels of trabecular bone?
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The wrist, spine adn neck of femur
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Why is trabecular bone more prone to osteoporosis?
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Higher surface area --> lots of sites of turnover
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What is Paget's disease?
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There are localised areas of extremely high bone turn over
Get bone deformity, pain and increased fracture risk |
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How many hip fractures are there in Australia p/year?
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20,000
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What is a 'hip' fracture ie what bone are you breaking
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Neck of femur
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What is expected to happen to the number of broken hips p/year between now and 2050?
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Double! ie from 20,000 to 40,000
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A year after a hip fracture, what percentage of people are back to normal function?
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Only 25%
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What measures have been proven to help prevent hip fractureS?
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- vitamin D + Ca2+ supplementation
- external hip protectors - bisphosphonates - HRT for post-menopausal women - lots of bad SEs though! |
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What fraction of women and men will have some type of fracture related to osteoporosis in their life time?
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1/2 women
1/3 men |
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What are the three levels of fall prevention?
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Primary = pre-injury eg improve balance and muscle strength, take them off psychotropic meds, home hazards modification, vitD and ca2+ supplementation
Secondary = decreasing injury once fall is happening - hip protectors, soft floors Tertiary = decreasing the severity of the fall after it's actually happened ie quick recovery etc |
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Who have higher risk of fracture due to a fall, men or women? And by how many times?
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Women are three times more likely to fracture something when they fall compared to men
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Is there a significant difference in death rates in women and men post falls?
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No.
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According to Erikson, what is the conflict in old age?
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Integrity vs Despair
ie do they feel like their life has been worthwhile ? |
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Erikson - what is the conflict occuring during adolescence and young adulthood?
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Identity vs role confusion
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