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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Marfan syndrome is often associated with what?
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What disorder?
Mitral valve prolapse Aortic Valve regurgitation Aortic Dissection Spontaneous Pneumothorax |
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Hypotension is associated with what?
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Metabolic Acidosis
Increased Heart Rate Peripheral Vasoconstriction Tachypnea Sweating |
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Hypovolemic Shock
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Increased Heart Rate
Vasoconstriction Delayed RAAS, ADH causes Edema |
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Septic Shock
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Fever
Tachycardia Tachypnea Hypotension Acrocyanosis Elevated WBC/AST/ALT/LDH/lactic acid Single/Multiple Organ Failure |
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Anaphalactic Shock
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Laryngeal Edema
Ag binding IgE turns on mast cells Release of histamine causes vasodilation in skin/lungs/GI/CV |
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Cardiogenic Shock
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Stretched LV
Pulmonary Edema Increased Heart Rate |
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Neurogenic Shock
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Vasodilation leads to hypotension
Reduced Heart Rate Elevated Cardiac Output Hypothermia |
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Burn Shock
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Hypovolemia
Hypotension Decreased Cardiac Output |
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Pulmonary Embolism Shock
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Hypotension
Decreased Cardiac Output in Left Heart |
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Hypertension
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Hypertensive Retinopathy Increased chance of Renal Failure and CVA |
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Malignant Hypertension
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Smokers
Microthrombi Proteinurea Hematuria Kidney Vascular Necrosis Vision Loss / Retinal Hemorrhages HTN Emergency Headache Vomiting Impaired Cognitive Function Chest pain / Dyspnea |
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Cerabral Aneurysm
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Headache
Visual Problems Dizziness Unilateral Ptosis Mydriasis |
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Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture
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Nausea
Vomiting Sudden Loss of Consciousness Photophobia Siezure Retinal Hemorrhages |
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Aortic Aneurysm
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Sever Back Pain
Hypotension Pulsatile Mass |
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Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm
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Chest/Neck/Intrascapular Back Pain
Diastolic Murmur Dysphonia with n. compression Dysphagia with e. compression |
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Mitral Valve Stenosis
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Rheumatic Heart Disease
Increased Atrial Pressure/Dilation Decreased Ventricular Filling Opening Snap w Mid-Diastolic Rumble Dyspnea aFib Dysphagia Pulmonary Venous HTN |
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Mitral Valve Triad
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Accentuated S1
Mitral Valve opening snap Mid-Diastolic Murmur Add systolic murmur after progression to regurgitation. |
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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Marfan / Ehler's Danlos
Left Atrial Enlargement Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Pressure Pulmonary Edema Right Sided Heart Failure Left Ventrical Dilation Asymptomatic Mid-Systolic Click Late systolic regurgitant murmur |
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Valsalva Maneuver accomplishes what?
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How can one Decreases Preload?
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Squatting or Maintaining Hand Grip accomplish what?
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How can one Increase Preload?
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Aortic Stenosis
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Rheumatic Fever or Bicuspid Valve
Systolic Ejection Murmer and click Delayed S2 Pulmonary edema Syncope and Angina with Exercise Either Senile or Congenital |
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Aortic Regurgitation
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Increased Pulse Pressure
Early Diastolic Murmur Enlarged Heart Chronic Essential HTN can cause this. |
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Tricuspid Regurgitation
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Infective Endocarditis
IV drug abuse / S.viridans Increased RV Volume |
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Virchow's Triad
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Flow Stasis
Hypercoagulability Vessel Wall Injury Puts you at risk for Thrombophlebitis. |
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Deep Venous Thrombosis
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Fever
Unilateral Leg Edema Homan's Sign Increase in calf diameter Elevated D-Dimer |
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Thromboembolism
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Systemic Hypoxia
Right Heart Failure Increased Pulmonary Artery Pressure |
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Fat Embolization
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Long Bone Trauma |
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Infective Endocarditis
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Causes of _____ are:
Rheumatic Heart Disease CHD Bicuspid Aortic Valve IV drug use / S. Aureus MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE |
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Symptoms of Infective Endocarditis
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Fever
Chills Night Sweats Fatigue Arthritis SOB Elevated ESR Proteinuria Hematuria Leukocytosis Rheumatiod Factor |
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Myocarditis
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No symptoms usually
Coxackie Virus / Diptheriae / Rheumatic Fever Elevated Troponin I, ESR, CK, WBC Dysrhythmia |
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Chagas Disease
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T. Cruzi
Watch for insects, transfusions, transplants Unilateral Eye/Facial Edema Fever Rash Cardiomegaly SOB Pulmonary Edema Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly |
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Aortic Dissection
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Marfan / Ehler's Danlos
Retrosternal Chest Pain Radiating To Back Aortic Valve Regurgitation Loss of UE Pulse Widening of Mediastinum |
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Giant Cell Aortitis
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Temporal Artery
Fever Fatugue Weight Loss Headache Arthralgias Claudication Low BP in UE Retinal Artery Vasculitis Elevated ESR/ALT/AST/ALP/GGT Anemia |
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aortic regurgitation
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diastolic murmur
cardiomegaly left ventricular hypertrophy |
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lying down from sitting
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increase venous return
increase cardiac blood flow increase intensity of murmur increase cardiac workload chf patients should avoid the sudden decompensation |
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aortic dilation caused by what diseases
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these diseases often cause ____
atherosclerosis chronic hypertension marfan syndrome syphilis thromboangitis obliterans |
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expected pathophysiological outcome of chronic aortic regurgitation
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widened pulse pressure
left ventricular hypertrophy chronic myocardial ischemia |
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aortic regurgitation from infectious aortic valvulitis
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fever
decreased consciousness sob hypotension diastolic murmur peripheral pulses present cardiomegaly lv dilation |
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deep veins of lower extremity is the most common cause of
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pulmonary embolus usually is caused by
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the mediastinum usually shifts ______ with compressive atelectasis
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the mediastinum usually shifts away from the involved lung in ________.
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congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is
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congenital abnormality marked by abnormal bronchiolar structures of varying size or location and has three variants
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wedge shaped
subpleural hemorrhagic lower lobes with greatest blood flow what lesion am I? |
pulmonary infarct looks like what?
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alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is associated with
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panacinar emphysema is associated with deficiency of what?
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form of copd associated with smoking, abnormal and permanent increase in alveolar airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole, alveolar wall destruction
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emphysema
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rupture of apical bullae is the most common cause of
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the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax is what
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tumors most strongly associated with smoking
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small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are most closely associated with
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most common lung tumor for women and non-smokers
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adenocarcinoma is the most common lung tumor in who?
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bronchiectasis is associated with
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permanent dilation of bronchioles
destruction of supporting tissue chronic necrotizing infections are associated with what |
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new cough
weight loss elevated calcium smoker what type of lung cancer |
squamous cell carcinoma is associated with
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overall weakness
enlarged spleen leukocytosis 9:22 translocation c-abl-bcr encoded protein has what function? |
increased tyrosine kinase activity
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list of malignant tumors
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glomus tumor
ewing's sarcoma wilm's tumor seminoma histocytosis x |
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what factors are assessed in grading malignant tumors
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number of lymph node metastases
extent of invasion into surrounding tissue degree of cytologic differentiation of primary tumor |
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What factors are assessed in staging malignant tumors?
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Size of primary lesion
Extent of spread to regional lymph nodes Presence/absence of blood bourne metastases |
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Explain TNM
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T: Primary site (size?) 1-4
N: Lymph nodes involved M: Pos Mets = 1 Neg Mets = 0 |
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Differentiation definition
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Extent the parenchyma resembles normal cells with regard to morphology and function
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Define Choristoma
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Normal cells in abnormal locations, such as a menstruating belly button.
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Epithelial vs Mesenchymal
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Refers to Membranes and Glands
Refers to Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Osteocytes |
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Benign Epithelial Neoplasms
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Adenoma
Papilloma Polyp |
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Benign Mesenchymal Neoplasms
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Fibroma
Lipoma Leiomyoma (Sm. m.) Rhabdomyoma (St. m.) |
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Carcinoma and Sarcoma refer to
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Malignancy of the epithelial cells or connective tissues can be called
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Lymphomas
Leukemias Multiple Myelomas Hodgekin's disease are ALL |
Malignant Tumors of Blood Cells and Lymphocytes
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Human Papilloma Virus can cause mutations on
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Chromosome 16 and 18 (31, 33, 35, 51) are at high risk of mutation by what
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Name the Tumor Markers
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CEA- colorectal and pancreatic
AFP- liver and germ cells PSA- prostate CA125- ovarian What are these? |
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is similar to what, and why?
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Similar to HIV in that CD4 T-cells are the target and I am transmitted through blood. Who am I and what do I cause?
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HCC and RCC are spread via?
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These Carcinomas are NOT spread via the lymphatic system.
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Synovial Sarcoma is spread via
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This type of Sarcoma is NOT spread via the blood.
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Incidence/Morbidity of different types of cancer in M and F.
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M: prostate>lung>colon
F: breast>lung>colon |
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Death/Mortality of differnet types of cancer in M and F.
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M: lung>colon>prostate
F: lung>breast>colon |
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breast and prostate cancer generally metastasize to
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Bone is the preferred site of metastasis for what types of cancer?
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Bone Cancer generally metastasizes to the
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Lung is the preferred site of metastasis for what types of cancer?
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p53
APC Fix mistakes in transcription |
Tumor Supressor Genes
A mutation in these results in a loss of the ability to |
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Hyaline Membrane Formation associated with
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Activated PMN's release a variety.... causes local tissue damage
induces the formation of what? |
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Distal Acinar Paraseptal Emphysema
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax because they form Bullae
Adjacent to scars, fibrosis, atelectasis Adjacent to pleura/margins |
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Pink Puffer
Blue Bloater |
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis |
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Persistent, productive cough for at leaset three consecutive months in at least two consecutive years, Usually die from what?
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Chronic Bronchitis definition. Death is usually from cardiac failure.
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Patchy necrosis of epithelial lung cells and smooth muscle in the lung is indicative of what
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Asthma Histology looks like
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the most important feature in differentiating benign from malignant tumors is
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metastases
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ovarian carcinoma tends to metastasize over
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visceral surfaces and body cavities are the primary mode of metastases for this tumor
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Li-fraumeni syndrome is a defective
what chromosome what gene |
p53 gene on chromosome 17 is defective in what specific type of syndrome
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a defect in myeloperoxidase function would cause
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increased number and severity of bacterial infections
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Ehler's Danlos is a problem with synthesis of
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collagen synthesis is a problem for people with what syndrome
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Fat Embolization
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with long bone trauma is problably d/t
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CRP and elevated homocystiene are markers for
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disrupted fibrous plaques in atherosclerosis show what markers
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Mutation of FLAP gene indicates
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Elevated Leukotrienes show up in a mutation of this gene and increase the risk of MI
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Enzymes you would expect to elevate in an MI
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Troponin I
CK LDH AST |
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ST elevation means
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Occlusion of coronary artery is evidenced by _____ as seen in Prinzmetal's Variable angina
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Ischemic Heart Disease symptoms
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Hypertension
LVH Increased Heart Rate Increased LV EDV LV outflow obstructions usually Elevated serum albuminemia PVC's (extra ventricular beats) |
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ST segment depression is seen in
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Stable Angina
Atherosclerotic CAD Aortic Stenosis w LVH Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy
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Hyper/Hyponatremia (Aldosteronism)
B-type natriuretic peptide LV Failure/Overload Cardiomegaly |
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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LV outflow obstruction - sys
Abnormal Ca - sys Subendocardial Ischemia - sys Impaired LV filling - dias |
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Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
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third trimester systolic dysfunction
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Primary Dilated Pediatric Cardiomyopathy
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mitral/tricuspid regurg
cardiomegaly dilation of all four chambers (esp the left) |
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Dilated RV with inverted T-waves
Cardiocytes replaced with fibrofatty tissue Electrical instability |
Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
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CHF
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Gallop Rhythm (S4)
Hyper/Hyponatremia (Aldosteronism) Elevated B-Natriuretic Peptide Cardiomegaly Pulmonary Edema Dilated Left Heart |
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Right CHF
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JVD
Right Sided S3 Tricuspid Regurg Hepatomegaly Ascitis Pitting Edema |
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Left CHF
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Dyspnea (nocturnal)
Pulmonary Edema Left Sided S3 Mitral Valve Regurg |
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Cor Pulmonale
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elevated pulmonary artery pressure
RVH, RV Dilation prominant hilar vessels Cardiomegaly RV Shadow Ascites Peripheral Edema |