Block 1 Histology Md1 Endocrine System 2 Part A

Front 1

.immunocytochemical methods, four types of cells

Back 1

.cells—A, B, D, and F
—have been recognized in the islets

Front 2

.Each islet of Langerhans is formed by two components:

Back 2

.Anastomosing cords

A vascular component,
insuloacinar portal system

Front 3

Venules leaving the islets of Langerhans supply blood to adjacent =

Back 3

pancreatic acini

This portal system enables the local action of insular hormones on the =

Hint 3

exocrine pancreas.

Front 4

Anastomosing cords of endocrine =
4ct

Back 4

cells
A (α cells =
B (β cells) =
D (δ cells) =
F cell =

cells-each secreting a single hormone.

Hint 4

A (α cells = Glucagon
B (β cells) = Insulin
D (δ cells) = Somatostatin
F cell = Pancreatic Polypeptide

Front 5

insuloacinar portal system =
3ct

Back 5

an afferent arteriole
rise to a capillary network
lined by fenestrated endothelial cells.

Front 6

Back 6

.Islet - insulin

Hint 6

Islet - somatostatin

Front 7

Type I diabetes

Back 7

loss of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets

autoimmune response

Front 8

Type II diabetes
resistance of target cells to the effect of insulin

Back 8

resistance of target cells to the effect of insulin

Front 9

Rare
insulin-secreting tumor

Back 9

tumors of the islets
excessive secretion
insulin-secreting tumor produces hyperinsulinism, with hypoglycemic symptoms.

Front 10

thyroid gland produces

Back 10

1. Iodine-containing hormones

tri-iodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine T4).

2. The polypeptide hormone calcitonin.

Hint 10

Thyroxine

Front 11

1. Thyroxine = aka

Back 11

T4

Chem Nm =

Hint 11

tetra-iodothyronine

Front 12

T4 aka =

Back 12

Thyroxine

Chem Nm =

Hint 12

tetra-iodothyronine

Front 13

tri-iodothyronine = aka

Back 13

T3

Chem Nm =

Hint 13

liothyronine

Front 14

T3 = aka

Back 14

triiodothyronine

Chem Nm =

Hint 14

liothyronine

Front 15

1. Thyroxine (T4)
and
triiodothyronine (T3),

are important for =
4ct

Back 15

-growth
-cell differentiation
-the control of oxygen consumption
-basal metabolic rate in the body

Front 16

Thyroid hormones affect the metabolism of =
3ct

Back 16

proteins
lipids
carbohydrates

Front 17

Calcitonin regulates =

Back 17

blood calcium levels in conjunction with parathyroid hormone.

Front 18

_______ regulates blood calcium levels in conjunction with parathyroid hormone.

Back 18

Calcitonin

Front 19

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting the rate of =

Back 19

decalcification of bone by =

and by stimulating =

Hint 19

osteoclastic resorption


osteoblastic activity

Front 20

Thyroid gland enveloped by a _________ capsule

Back 20

fibrous

fibrous capsule from which fine collagenous septa extend into the gland, dividing it into =

Hint 20

lobules

Front 21

The ____ convey a rich blood supply together with lymphatics and nerves.

Back 21

septa

Each lobe of the thyroid gland consists of numerous ___

Hint 21

follicles

Front 22

_______ is the structural and functional unit of the gland.

Back 22

thyroid follicle

Front 23

Thyroid follicle consists of a single layer of $

Back 23

cuboidal

the follicular epithelium, bounded by a basement membrane and enclosing a central lumen containing a colloid substance rich in =

Hint 23

thyroglobulin......

...an iodinated glycoprotein, yielding a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction.

Front 24

The follicular epithelium also contains about 10% of scattered =

Back 24

parafollicular cells, also called =

Hint 24

C cells.

Front 25

C cells. = aka

Back 25

parafollicular cells,

Front 26

C cells, derived from

Back 26

neural crest

Front 27

C cells, contain small cytoplasmic granules representing the stored hormone =

Back 27

calcitonin

Front 28

When inactive, thyroid epithelial cells are $ =

Back 28

simple flat or cuboidal cells

Front 29

when actively synthesizing or secreting thyroid hormone thyroid epithelial cells are $ =

Back 29

are tall and columnar.

+

Hint 29

morphological appearance of thyroid follicles varies according to the region of the gland and its functional activity.

Front 30

In the same gland, larger follicles that are full of colloid and have a cuboidal or squamous epithelium, are found alongside follicles that are lined by columnar epithelium.

Back 30

The gland is considered hypoactive when the average composition of these follicles is =

Hint 30

squamous

Front 31

In contrast to other endocrine organs, which have a limited storage capacity, the production of thyroid hormones depends on the follicular storage of the prohormone =

Back 31

thyroglobulin
in the colloid

characteristic feature of the thyroid follicular epithelium is its ability to concentrate =

Hint 31

iodide

Front 32

thyroid follicular epithelium is its ability to concentrate iodide from the blood and synthesize the hormones =
2ct

Back 32

thyroxine
tri-iodothyronine

Front 33

synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones involve two phases =

Back 33

exocrine phase
endocrine phase

Both phases are regulated by =

Hint 33

TSH

Front 34

A (α cells) =

Back 34

Glucagon

what does it do/ctrl =

Hint 34

Acts on multi-tissues to make energy stored in glycogen & fat available thru glycogenolysis & lipolysis -- increasing blood glucose content.

Front 35

Glucagon
made by what cell =

Back 35

A (α cells)

what does it do/ctrl =

Hint 35

Acts on multi-tissues to make energy stored in glycogen & fat available thru glycogenolysis & lipolysis -- increasing blood glucose content.

Front 36

Acts on multi-tissues to make energy stored in glycogen & fat available thru glycogenolysis & lipolysis -- increasing blood glucose content.

Back 36

Glucagon
made by what cell =

Hint 36

A (α cells)

Front 37

Insulin
made by what cell =

Back 37

B (β cells)

Front 38

B (β cells) =

Back 38

Insulin

Front 39

D (δ cells) =

Back 39

Somatostatin

what does it do/ctrl =

Hint 39

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones thru local paracrine action

Front 40

Somatostatin
made by what cell =

Back 40

D (δ cells)

what does it do/ctrl =

Hint 40

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones thru local paracrine action

Front 41

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones thru local paracrine action

Back 41

Somatostatin

made by what cell =

Hint 41

D (δ cells)

Front 42

F cell =

Back 42

Pancreatic Polypeptide

what does it do/ctrl =

Hint 42

PP function is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine);

Has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Its secretion is increased after a protein meal,
fasting,
exercise,
acute hypoglycemia
is decreased by
somatostatin and
intravenous glucose.

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones thru local paracrine action

Front 43

Pancreatic Polypeptide
made by what cell =

Back 43

F cell

what does it do/ctrl =

Front 44

PP function is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine);

Has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Its secretion is increased after a protein meal,
fasting,
exercise,
acute hypoglycemia
is decreased by
somatostatin and
intravenous glucose.

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones thru local paracrine action

Back 44

Pancreatic Polypeptide
made by what cell =

Hint 44

F cell

Front 45

thyroglobulin...... is =

Back 45

...an iodinated glycoprotein,

yielding a =

Hint 45

periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction.

Front 46

..an iodinated glycoprotein, =

Back 46

thyroglobulin

Front 47

C cells
are found in the =

Back 47

Thyroid in =

Hint 47

septa of the thyroid gland

Front 48

follicular epithelium also contains about 10% of scattered =

Back 48

C cells

Front 49

follicular epithelium ie =

Back 49

follicular cells

are found in the =

Hint 49

septa of the thyroid gland