Block 1 Gross Anatomy Cards

Front 1

posterior midline elevation of the occipital bone of the skull with superior & inferior nuchal lines extending laterally from it

Back 1

external occipital protuberance

Front 2

muscle attachment site behind the ear

Back 2

mastoid process

Front 3

has a medial vertebral border, lateral/axillary, superior & inferior angles, spine & acromion processs

Back 3

scapula

Front 4

crests end medially as the posterior superior iliac spines (can be seen as dimples above the buttock)

Back 4

Iliac crests

Front 5

verticle groove in the center of the back between the two large blocks of the erector spinae muscles

Back 5

Posterior Median Furrow

Front 6

"vertebral prominens" is spine of the T7
Inferior angle of the scapula is at this level

Back 6

vertebral spinous process

Front 7

horizontal line joining the highest part of the iliac crests

Back 7

supracristal line

Front 8

has sub q fat
thickest in lumbar region & can have a fat pad at the inferior aspect of the posterior neck

Back 8

superficial fascia

Front 9

thin, but dense & surrounds each muscle

Back 9

deep fascia

Front 10

somatosensory nerves which pierce the skin just lateral to the midline of the back

Back 10

dorsal rami

Front 11

innervate the lateral aspects of the truck, back

Back 11

ventral rami

Front 12

How many vertebral disc's are there?

Back 12

33

Front 13

How many intervertebral disc's are there?

Back 13

23-24 (none between the occipital and the atlas or the atlas and the axis) No disc's in the saccrum & coccyx

Front 14

What is the major source of support for the spinal cord?

Back 14

vertebral body (centrum)

Front 15

How are the symphyses formed?

Back 15

bodies articulating with other bodies through the disc's form the joints

Front 16

Characteristics of the symphyses?

Back 16

amphiarthoritic/ slightly movable fibrocartilaginous joints

Front 17

Composition of the vertebral/neural arch?

Back 17

2 posterolateral pedicles & 2 posterior laminae

Front 18

What vertebral process projects posteriorly?

Back 18

spinous process

Front 19

What vertebral process project laterally at junctions of pedicles & laminae?

Back 19

transverse processes

Front 20

What processes are necessary for intervertebral joints?

Back 20

superior & inferior articular processes

Front 21

How do you form the vertebral canal?

Back 21

joining of consecutive vertebral foramen

Front 22

Where do the spinal nerves & blood vessels exit?

Back 22

intervertebral foramina

Front 23

C1

Back 23

atlas (inferior part of the atlanto-occipital joint) used for extension & flexsion

Front 24

C2

Back 24

axis

Front 25

dens/odontoid

Back 25

superior portion of the axis forms the atlantoaxial joint to provide rotational movement

Front 26

Role of transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae?

Back 26

this transmits the vertebral artery

Front 27

How are the spinous processes in the cervical vertebra?

Back 27

bifid spinous processes

Front 28

Where do you have coastal facets & demifacets ?

Back 28

thoracic vertebrae

Front 29

Where do you have transverse facets interacting with the tubercle of the rib?

Back 29

thoracic vertebrae

Front 30

These vertebra have spinous processes that are long and oriented caudally

Back 30

thoracic vertebrae

Front 31

These vertebrae have short and posterior spinous processes

Back 31

lumbar vertebraes

Front 32

What is the pars interarticularis

Back 32

located in the lumbar vertebrae and connects the superior and inferior facets

Front 33

What are the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?

Back 33

exit points for the rami from the spinal canal

Front 34

What is the sacral hiatus?

Back 34

termination of the sacral canal with the sacral cornua located laterally

Front 35

What is the supraspinous ligament?

Back 35

along posterior border of spinous processes, connects tips of spinous
processes; enlarged and thickened in cervical region as ligamentum nuchae

Front 36

What are the interspinous ligaments?

Back 36

they are between adjacent spinous processes

Front 37

What is the ligamentum flava?

Back 37

between laminae, located within vertebral canal

Front 38

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 38

wide ligament along the anterior bodies

Front 39

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 39

thin ligament along the posterior bodies

Front 40

What are the zygapophyseal joints?

Back 40

synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent
vertebrae

Front 41

Which vertebrae have a posteriorly concave curvature?

Back 41

cervical (3-4 months) & lumbar (12-18 months) secondary curvature

Front 42

Which vertebrae have a posteriorly convex curvature?

Back 42

thoracic and sacral (primary curvature)

Front 43

What is scoliosis?

Back 43

lateral curvature of the spine at the thoracic or lumbar regions

Front 44

What is kyphosis?

Back 44

abnormal curvature of the spine that is convex posteriorly

Front 45

What is lordosis?

Back 45

abnormal curvature of the spine that is convex anteriorly

Front 46

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Back 46

it is where the cell bodies for the sensory neurons are located

Front 47

Where are the cell bodies for the motor neurons located?

Back 47

in the ventral and lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

Front 48

What are roots?

Back 48

Roots attach a spinal nerve to the cord and are FUNCTIONALLY
distinct, i.e. either sensory (dorsal) or motor (ventral)

Front 49

What are rami?

Back 49

DISTRIBUTIONAL branches of a spinal nerve, and are mixed (sensory and motor)

Front 50

What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?

Back 50

Base of the skull (superior
nuchal line), ligamentum
nuchae (running along spinous
processes of cervical
vertebrae), and spinous
processes of C7 to T12

Front 51

What is the insertion of the trapezius?

Back 51

Upper fibers - Lateral
portion of clavicle, Middle
fibers - Acromion process of
scapula, Lower fibers -
Spine of scapula

Front 52

What is the action of the trapezius?

Back 52

Upper - Elevates scapula
(and clavicle), Middle - Retracts
(adducts) scapula, Lower -
Depresses scapula. Upper and
lower together rotate scapula
(important in raising arm)

Front 53

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

Back 53

Spinal accessory nerve
(CN XI) plus C3-C4

Front 54

What is the blood supply to the trapezius?

Back 54

Transverse cervical artery (off thyrocervical trunk which is off subclavian)

Front 55

What is the origin of the lattisimus dorsi?

Back 55

Spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar/thoracodorsal fascia, lower few ribs, sacrum and iliac crest

Front 56

What is the insertion of the lattisimus dorsi?

Back 56

Bicipital/intertubercular groove of humerus

Front 57

What is the action of the lattisimus dorsi?

Back 57

Extends, adducts, and medially (inwardly/internally) rotates the arm, draws shoulder down and backward (prevents upward displacement of shoulder), raises body toward
arms during climbing (used in crawl stroke in swimming)

Front 58

What is the innervation of the lattisimus dorsi?

Back 58

Thoracodorsal nerve

Front 59

What is the blood supply to the lattisimus dorsi?

Back 59

Thoracodorsal artery (off subscapular which is off axillary)

Front 60

What is the origin of the Rhomboids major & minor?

Back 60

spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae

Front 61

What is the insertion of the Rhomboids major & minor?

Back 61

inferior medial border of scapula (below spine to the inferior angle)

Front 62

What is the action of the Rhomboids major & minor?

Back 62

Adducts scapula and fixes it to thorax, rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity

Front 63

What is the innervation of the Rhomboids major & minor?

Back 63

dorsal scapular nerve

Front 64

What is the blood supply to the Rhomboids major & minor?

Back 64

dorsal scapular artery (off of the subclavian)

Front 65

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?

Back 65

spinous process of the upper vertebraes

Front 66

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior superior?

Back 66

upper ribs, medial to their angles

Front 67

What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?

Back 67

assists in raising ribs in inspiration (slightly increasing diameter of thorax)

Front 68

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior?

Back 68

ventral rami (upper intercostal nerves)

Front 69

What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?

Back 69

spinous processes of lower vertebrae?

Front 70

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?

Back 70

lower ribs, near their angles

Front 71

What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior?

Back 71

pulls ribs down slightly & stabilizes them, resisting the pull of the diaphragm

Front 72

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior?

Back 72

ventral rami (lower intercostal nerves)

Front 73

What is the origin of the splenius capitas?

Back 73

spinous processes

Front 74

What is the insertion of the spelnius capitas?

Back 74

mastoid process of the temporal bone & the lateral part of the superior nuchal line acting at the base of the skull

Front 75

What is the action of the splenius capitas?

Back 75

act together to extend the head, one side will laterally flex and rotate the head and neck to the same side

Front 76

What is the innervation of the splenius capitas?

Back 76

dorsal rami of the middle cervical nerves

Front 77

What is the origin of the splenius cervicis

Back 77

spinal processes

Front 78

What is the insertion of the splenius cervicis?

Back 78

transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae

Front 79

What is the action of the splenius cervicis?

Back 79

will act together to extend the heat, one side will laterally flex and rotate the head and neck to the same side

Front 80

What is the innervation of the splenius capitas?

Back 80

dorsal rami of the lower cervical nerves

Front 81

What are the characteristics of the iliocostalis group?

Back 81

they are the lateral column of the erector spinae group: have a lumar, thoracic & cervical region and they insert on the ribs and transverse processes

Front 82

What are the characteristics of the longissimus group?

Back 82

the intermediate column of the erector spinae group; has capitas, cervicis, thoracis, & lumoborum regions

Front 83

What are the characteristics of the spinalis group?

Back 83

the medial column of the erector spinae group; sometimes considered to be have three subdivisions (thoracic, cervical, & capitis) but is only well defined in the thoracic region
Originates & inserts on the spinous process

Front 84

What is the semispinalis?

Back 84

Span 4-6 vertebral segments

This muscle is largely
responsible for the ridge on
either side of the midline of the
neck.

These extend the head and neck, and rotate them contralaterally. They are innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Front 85

What are the characteristics of the multifundus?

Back 85

Span 2-4 vertebral segments.

Located deep (anterior) to semispinalis and best developed in the lumbar region. These stabilize and rotate the vertebral column and are innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 86

What are the characteristics of the rotatores?

Back 86

Span 1-2 vertebral segments.

Located deep (anterior) to the multifidus and are best developed in the thoracic region. These stabilize and rotate the vertebral column and are innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 87

What are the characteristics of the Interspinales?

Back 87

Paired on the entire side of the interspinal ligament; unite spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Act to stablize and extend the vertebral column.

innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Front 88

What are the characteristics of the intertransversarii?

Back 88

unite transverse process of adjacent vertebrae

unilaterally can produce slight lateral flexion of vertebrae column, bilaterally help stabilize veretebral column

Mainly innervated by ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves (and so an
exception to the rule), but some supplied by dorsal rami

Front 89

What is the origination of the levator costarum?

Back 89

located laterally to the vertebral column

Originate on the transverse process

Front 90

What is the insertion of the levator costarum?

Back 90

extend inferiorlaterally to the ribs

Front 91

What is the action of the levator costarum?

Back 91

function to elevate the ribs (assisting inspiration)

assist with lateral bending of vertebral column

Front 92

What is the innervation of the levator costarum?

Back 92

dorsal rami

Front 93

What is the origination of Obliquus capitas inferior (inferior oblique)

Back 93

spinous process of the axis

Front 94

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitas inferior (inferior oblique)

Back 94

transverse process of the atlas

Front 95

What is the action of the obliquus capitas inferior (inferior oblique)

Back 95

rotates atlas (turns head to the same side)

Front 96

What is the innervation of the obliquus capitas inferior (inferior oblique)

Back 96

suboccipital nerve (doral ramus of C1)

Front 97

What is the origin of the obliquus capitas superior (superior oblique)

Back 97

transverse process of the atlas

Front 98

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitas superior (superior oblique)

Back 98

occipital bone between the superior & inferior nuchal lines

Front 99

What is the origin of the rectus capitas posterior major?

Back 99

spinous process of the atlas

Front 100

What is the insertion of the rectus capitas posterior major?

Back 100

lateral portion of the inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Front 101

What is the action of the rectus capitas posterior major?

Back 101

extends & rotates the head (turns head to the same side)

Front 102

What is the innervation of the rectus capitas posterior major?

Back 102

dorsal ramus of the C1 (suboccipital nerve)

Front 103

What is the origin of the rectus capitas posterior minor?

Back 103

posterior arch/tubercle of atlas

Front 104

What is the insertion of the rectus capitas posterior minor?

Back 104

medial portion of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone

Front 105

What is the action of the rectus capitas posterior minor?

Back 105

It extends the head

Front 106

What is the innervation of the rectus capitas posterior minor?

Back 106

dorsal rami of C1