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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lordosis
|
Increased curvature of the lumbar spine due to obesity
|
|
|
Kyphosis
|
Increased primary curvature of upper thoracic spine often due to age
|
|
|
Scoliosis
|
Lateral curvature of the spine
|
|
|
How is lordosis reversible?
|
Exercise and weight loss
|
|
|
What is the origin of the deltoid?
|
The lateral 1/3 of clavicle, superior surface of acromion, and scapular spine
|
|
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What is the insertion of the deltoid?
|
Deltoid tuberosity
|
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What is the anterior action of the deltoid?
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Flexion of shoulder, medial rotator of arm
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|
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What is the mid action of the deltoid?
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Abduction of arm 15-110 degrees
|
|
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What is the posterior action of the deltoid?
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Extension of shoulder, lateral rotation of arm
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What innervates the Deltoid?
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Axillary nerve
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What is the origin of the Pectoralis Major?
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Clavicle, sternum, costal
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What is the insertion of the Pectoralis Major?
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Crest of greater tubercle
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|
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What is the action of the Pectoralis Major?
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It is a medial rotator, adductor, flexes and extends (minor function) the arm
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What innervates the Pectoralis Major?
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Lateral, medial pectoral nerve
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|
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What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?
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Ribs 3, 4, and 5
|
|
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What is the insertion of the Pectoralis minor?
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Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process
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What is the action of the Pectoralis Minor?
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Protraction of scapula
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|
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What is the innervation of the Pectoralis Minor?
|
Medial pectoral nerve
|
|
|
Draw a picture of the Glenohumeral Joint.
|
|
|
|
The Glenohumeral Joint is what shape?
|
Piriform (pear shaped)
|
|
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What do 2 things do the tendons around the Glenohumeral Joint provide?
|
They provide strength, and prevent dislocation anteriorly and posteriorly
|
|
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What do the Coracoacromial Ligament and Biceps Brachii Tendon do for the Glenohumeral Joint?
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They also provide strength
|
|
|
Are there any tendons inferiorly do the Glenohumeral Joint?
|
No tends are inferior
|
|
|
What does the lack of tendons inferiorly to the Glenohumeral Joint cause?
|
It causes susceptibility to common inferior dislocation
|
|
|
What are the 4 borders of the Quadrangular Space?
|
Inferior Teres Minor, Superior Teres Major, Long Head of Tricep, and Surgical Neck of the Humerus
|
|
|
What 2 things do the Quadrangular Space contain?
|
It contains the Axillary Nerve and the Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
|
|
|
What are the 3 borders of the Triangular Space?
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Inferior Teres Minor, Superior Teres Major, and Long Head of Tricep
|
|
|
What 1 thing does the Triangular Space contain?
|
It contains the Circumflex Scapular Artery
|
|
|
What crosses over the Suprascapular notch to make a foramen?
|
Transverse scapular ligament crosses over it
|
|
|
What does this created foramen enclose?
|
It encloses the Suprascapular Nerve
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|
|
What is above the foramen?
|
The Suprascapular Artery
|
|
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What is the way to remember this?
|
Navy goes under the bridge and Army goes over the bridge
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|
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What rests in the groove between the Deltoid and Pectoralis?
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Cephalic vein
|
|
|
What does Cephalic refer to?
|
It refers to the cephalic surface in-utero
|
|
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What is the opposite vein called?
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Basilic vein
|
|
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What nerve innervate the Pectoral Minor and Major?
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Medial Pectoral Nerve
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|
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What does the Lateral Pectoral nerve innervate?
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It innervates the Pectoralis Major
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Where is the Lateral Pectoral nerve located in relation to the Medial Pectoral nerve?
|
The Lateral Pectoral nerve is actually located medially
|
|
|
Why is this?
|
The lateral and medial refer to the nerve origin rather than skin location
|
|
|
Is there a net loss of fluid from capillaries in the breast lymphatic system, or is there fluid retention?
|
There is a net loss of fluid from capillaries there
|
|
|
Where does the lymphatic system collect fluid?
|
It collects fluid at a junction of the Jugular and Subclavian veins
|
|
|
What is Elephantitis?
|
It is a loss of lymphatic system, which results in swelling (edema)
|
|
|
What other two areas drain into the Subclavian vein?
|
The head and upper right torso
|
|
|
Where does 60-70% of breast lymph drainage go?
|
To the axilla
|
|
|
Where does 30% of breast lymph drainage go?
|
Medial to Peristeral nodes
|
|
|
Because the lung is drained via the Peristernal nodes, what does this imply about cancer?
|
It implies cancer can metastasize into the lung from the breast, or vice-versa
|
|
|
Where does <5% of breast lymph drain to?
|
It crosses the midline and goes to the other breast
|
|
|
What type of tissue is the breast mostly?
|
Mostly glandular
|
|
|
What is the name of the deep ligaments that the breast contains?
|
Cooper's Ligaments
|
|
|
If neoplasm results, what can result?
|
Enlargement may result in puckering of skin
|
|
|
What are the 3 bones of the shoulder?
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Scapula, Clavicle, and Humerus
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|
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Name the 7 landmarks of the humerus
|
Lesser tubercle, greater tubercle, intertubercular groove, lateral crest of the lesser tubercle, radial groove, deltoid tuberosity, and anatomical neck
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|
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What is the lesser tubercle?
|
It is a bony ridge at the proximal end of the humerus, found between the anatomical and surgical necks.
|
|
|
When the arm is at anatomical position, where does the lesser tubercle point?
|
When at the anatomical position, it points directly anteriorly
|
|
|
Can the lesser tubercle palpated?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Is it the insertion of anything?
|
Yes, for several arm muscles
|
|
|
What is the greater tubercle?
|
It is a bony ridge lateral to the lesser tubercle.
|
|
|
Can the greater tubercle be palpated?
|
Yes it can
|
|
|
Does anything insert into the greater tubercle?
|
Yes, the arm muscles do
|
|
|
How many facets does the greater tubercle have?
|
It has 3 facets: superior, middle, and inferior
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|
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Along with the ________ muscle, what does the greater tubercle provide for the shoulder?
|
It along with the deltoid muscle gives the shoulder tubercle its round shape
|
|
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What is the intertubercular groove?
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It is the depression found between the greater and lesser tubercles
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|
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What is the lateral crest of the lesser tubercle also called?
|
It is also called the medial lip of the intertubercular groove
|
|
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What is the lateral crest of the lesser tubercle?
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It is an extension of the lesser tubercle that becomes less pronounced as it moves distally
|
|
|
What is the radial groove?
|
It is a smooth area at the middle portion of the posterior humerus
|
|
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What is the deltoid tuberosity?
|
It is a rough ridge located on the lateral humerus next to the radial groove
|
|
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Why is the tuberosity rough?
|
It is rough because the deltoid tendon inserts here
|
|
|
What is important to note about the relationship between bone surfaces and tendon insertions?
|
All bone surfaces at tendon insertions are rough
|
|
|
What is the anatomical neck?
|
It is the line that divides the humerus shaft from the round articular surface
|
|
|
What is located where the anatomical neck is of the humerus during bone growth?
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The epiphysial plate
|
|
|
What is the glenoid cavity?
|
It is part of the shoulder joint, where the round head of the humerus fits into the scapula
|
|
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What type of joint is the glenoid cavity?
|
It is a synovial, flexible joint, where the round head of the humerus fits into the scapula
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|
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What is the coracoacromial ligament?
|
It connects the coracoid process and the acromion
|
|
|
What does the coracoacromial ligament provide for the glenoid cavity?
|
It provides a roof superior to the glenoid cavity to prevent dislocation of the joint
|
|
|
What are bursas?
|
They act to reduce friction generated by shoulder movement.
|
|
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How many and what are the bursa above the glenoid cavity?
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The subdeltoid and subacromial bursa
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|
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What are the 6 movements of the shoulder?
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Adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, medial (or internal rotation), and lateral (or external) rotation
|
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What is abduction
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Lowering the arm medially and toward the body
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What is adduction?
|
Lowering the arm medially and toward the body
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What is flexion?
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Moving the arm anteriorly
|
|
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What is extension?
|
Moving the arm posteriorly
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What is medial (or internal) rotation
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Turning the arm so the flexed forearm moves toward the anterior chest
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|
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What is lateral (or external) rotation
|
Turning the arm so the flexed forearm moves away from the anterior chest
|
|
|
By what percentage is the maximum amount of muscular length reduction during contraction?
|
33%
|
|
|
What does this infer about muscle origins and their lengths?
|
It infers origins rarely acount for more than two-thirds of the muscle's length so the muscle can reach its insertion when relaxed.
|
|
|
Do some muscles have origins that account for two-thirds of their length?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Why would this be the case?
|
It maximizes the strength of the attachment
|
|
|
What are 3 muscles that are examples of muscles with origins being more than 2/3 the length?
|
The subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles are good examples of this principle
|
|
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What is a good rule of thumb for how structures and surfaces are named?
|
It is common to name structures and surfaces based on their relation to other parts of the body.
|
|
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What is an example of this?
|
The anterior surface of the scapula is called the costal surface because it faces the ribs
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Origin : Subscapularis
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Medial two-thirds of anterior (costal) scapula
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Insertion: Subscapularis
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lesser tubercle of humerus
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Innervation : Subscapularis
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Upper and lower subscapular nerve
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Action : Subscapularis
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Medial rotation of the arm
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Origin : Supraspinatus
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Medial two-thirds of supraspinatus fossa
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Insertion : Supraspinatus
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Superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Supraspinatus
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Upper and lower subscapular nerve
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Action : Supraspinatus
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Medial rotation of the arm
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Origin: Infraspinatus
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Medial two-thirds of infraspinatus fossa
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|
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Insertion : Infraspinatus
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Middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Infraspinatus
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Suprascapular nerve
|
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Action : Infraspinatus
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Lateral rotator of the arm
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Origin : Teres minor
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Upper part of the lateral border of the scapula
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Insertion : Teres minor
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Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Teres minor
|
Axillary nerve
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|
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Action : Teres minor
|
Lateral rotator of the arm
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What shape is the teres muscle in cross-section?
|
Round
|
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Origin : Teres major
|
Lower part of the lateral border of the scapula
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Insertion : Teres major
|
Crest of lesser tubercle
|
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Innervation : Teres major
|
Lower subscapular nerve
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|
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Action: Teres major
|
Adductor, medial rotator, and extensor of the arm
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|
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The terminal course of the Teres major is the same as the course of what muscle?
|
Latissimus dorsi
|
|
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Origin: Deltoid
|
Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, the acromion, and scapular spine
|
|
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Insertion: Deltoid
|
Deltoid tubercle
|
|
|
Innervation : Deltoid
|
Axillary nerve
|
|
|
Action : Deltoid (Anterior fibers)
|
Flexor and medial rotator of the arm
|
|
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Action : Deltoid (Middle fibers)
|
Powerful abductor of the arm from 15 - 110 degrees
|
|
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Action : Deltoid (Posterior fibers)
|
Extensor and lateral rotator of the arm
|
|
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Origin : Pectoralis major
|
Clavicle, sternum, ribs
|
|
|
Insertion : Pectoralis major
|
Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
|
|
|
Innervation : Pectoralis major
|
Lateral and medial pectoral nerve
|
|
|
Action : Pectoralis major
|
Adduct and medially rotator of arm
|
|
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Action : Pectoralis major (Sternal part)
|
Extends the humerus
|
|
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Action : Pectoralis major (Clavicular part)
|
Flexes the humerus
|
|
|
Origin : Pectoralis minor
|
Ribs 3, 4, and 5
|
|
|
Insertion : Pectoralis minor
|
Coracoid process of the scapula
|
|
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Innervation : Pectoralis minor
|
Medial pectoral nerves
|
|
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Action : Pectoralis minor
|
Protracts the scapula
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lordosis
|
Increased curvature of the lumbar spine due to obesity
|
|
|
Kyphosis
|
Increased primary curvature of upper thoracic spine often due to age
|
|
|
Scoliosis
|
Lateral curvature of the spine
|
|
|
How is lordosis reversible?
|
Exercise and weight loss
|
|
|
What is the origin of the deltoid?
|
The lateral 1/3 of clavicle, superior surface of acromion, and scapular spine
|
|
|
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
|
Deltoid tuberosity
|
|
|
What is the anterior action of the deltoid?
|
Flexion of shoulder, medial rotator of arm
|
|
|
What is the mid action of the deltoid?
|
Abduction of arm 15-110 degrees
|
|
|
What is the posterior action of the deltoid?
|
Extension of shoulder, lateral rotation of arm
|
|
|
What innervates the Deltoid?
|
Axillary nerve
|
|
|
What is the origin of the Pectoralis Major?
|
Clavicle, sternum, costal
|
|
|
What is the insertion of the Pectoralis Major?
|
Crest of greater tubercle
|
|
|
What is the action of the Pectoralis Major?
|
It is a medial rotator, adductor, flexes and extends (minor function) the arm
|
|
|
What innervates the Pectoralis Major?
|
Lateral, medial pectoral nerve
|
|
|
What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?
|
Ribs 3, 4, and 5
|
|
|
What is the insertion of the Pectoralis minor?
|
Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process
|
|
|
What is the action of the Pectoralis Minor?
|
Protraction of scapula
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the Pectoralis Minor?
|
Medial pectoral nerve
|
|
|
Draw a picture of the Glenohumeral Joint.
|
|
|
|
The Glenohumeral Joint is what shape?
|
Piriform (pear shaped)
|
|
|
What do 2 things do the tendons around the Glenohumeral Joint provide?
|
They provide strength, and prevent dislocation anteriorly and posteriorly
|
|
|
What do the Coracoacromial Ligament and Biceps Brachii Tendon do for the Glenohumeral Joint?
|
They also provide strength
|
|
|
Are there any tendons inferiorly do the Glenohumeral Joint?
|
No tends are inferior
|
|
|
What does the lack of tendons inferiorly to the Glenohumeral Joint cause?
|
It causes susceptibility to common inferior dislocation
|
|
|
What are the 4 borders of the Quadrangular Space?
|
Inferior Teres Minor, Superior Teres Major, Long Head of Tricep, and Surgical Neck of the Humerus
|
|
|
What 2 things do the Quadrangular Space contain?
|
It contains the Axillary Nerve and the Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
|
|
|
What are the 3 borders of the Triangular Space?
|
Inferior Teres Minor, Superior Teres Major, and Long Head of Tricep
|
|
|
What 1 thing does the Triangular Space contain?
|
It contains the Circumflex Scapular Artery
|
|
|
What crosses over the Suprascapular notch to make a foramen?
|
Transverse scapular ligament crosses over it
|
|
|
What does this created foramen enclose?
|
It encloses the Suprascapular Nerve
|
|
|
What is above the foramen?
|
The Suprascapular Artery
|
|
|
What is the way to remember this?
|
Navy goes under the bridge and Army goes over the bridge
|
|
|
What rests in the groove between the Deltoid and Pectoralis?
|
Cephalic vein
|
|
|
What does Cephalic refer to?
|
It refers to the cephalic surface in-utero
|
|
|
What is the opposite vein called?
|
Basilic vein
|
|
|
What nerve innervate the Pectoral Minor and Major?
|
Medial Pectoral Nerve
|
|
|
What does the Lateral Pectoral nerve innervate?
|
It innervates the Pectoralis Major
|
|
|
Where is the Lateral Pectoral nerve located in relation to the Medial Pectoral nerve?
|
The Lateral Pectoral nerve is actually located medially
|
|
|
Why is this?
|
The lateral and medial refer to the nerve origin rather than skin location
|
|
|
Is there a net loss of fluid from capillaries in the breast lymphatic system, or is there fluid retention?
|
There is a net loss of fluid from capillaries there
|
|
|
Where does the lymphatic system collect fluid?
|
It collects fluid at a junction of the Jugular and Subclavian veins
|
|
|
What is Elephantitis?
|
It is a loss of lymphatic system, which results in swelling (edema)
|
|
|
What other two areas drain into the Subclavian vein?
|
The head and upper right torso
|
|
|
Where does 60-70% of breast lymph drainage go?
|
To the axilla
|
|
|
Where does 30% of breast lymph drainage go?
|
Medial to Peristeral nodes
|
|
|
Because the lung is drained via the Peristernal nodes, what does this imply about cancer?
|
It implies cancer can metastasize into the lung from the breast, or vice-versa
|
|
|
Where does <5% of breast lymph drain to?
|
It crosses the midline and goes to the other breast
|
|
|
What type of tissue is the breast mostly?
|
Mostly glandular
|
|
|
What is the name of the deep ligaments that the breast contains?
|
Cooper's Ligaments
|
|
|
If neoplasm results, what can result?
|
Enlargement may result in puckering of skin
|
|
|
What are the 3 bones of the shoulder?
|
Scapula, Clavicle, and Humerus
|
|
|
Name the 7 landmarks of the humerus
|
Lesser tubercle, greater tubercle, intertubercular groove, lateral crest of the lesser tubercle, radial groove, deltoid tuberosity, and anatomical neck
|
|
|
What is the lesser tubercle?
|
It is a bony ridge at the proximal end of the humerus, found between the anatomical and surgical necks.
|
|
|
When the arm is at anatomical position, where does the lesser tubercle point?
|
When at the anatomical position, it points directly anteriorly
|
|
|
Can the lesser tubercle palpated?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Is it the insertion of anything?
|
Yes, for several arm muscles
|
|
|
What is the greater tubercle?
|
It is a bony ridge lateral to the lesser tubercle.
|
|
|
Can the greater tubercle be palpated?
|
Yes it can
|
|
|
Does anything insert into the greater tubercle?
|
Yes, the arm muscles do
|
|
|
How many facets does the greater tubercle have?
|
It has 3 facets: superior, middle, and inferior
|
|
|
Along with the ________ muscle, what does the greater tubercle provide for the shoulder?
|
It along with the deltoid muscle gives the shoulder tubercle its round shape
|
|
|
What is the intertubercular groove?
|
It is the depression found between the greater and lesser tubercles
|
|
|
What is the lateral crest of the lesser tubercle also called?
|
It is also called the medial lip of the intertubercular groove
|
|
|
What is the lateral crest of the lesser tubercle?
|
It is an extension of the lesser tubercle that becomes less pronounced as it moves distally
|
|
|
What is the radial groove?
|
It is a smooth area at the middle portion of the posterior humerus
|
|
|
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
|
It is a rough ridge located on the lateral humerus next to the radial groove
|
|
|
Why is the tuberosity rough?
|
It is rough because the deltoid tendon inserts here
|
|
|
What is important to note about the relationship between bone surfaces and tendon insertions?
|
All bone surfaces at tendon insertions are rough
|
|
|
What is the anatomical neck?
|
It is the line that divides the humerus shaft from the round articular surface
|
|
|
What is located where the anatomical neck is of the humerus during bone growth?
|
The epiphysial plate
|
|
|
What is the glenoid cavity?
|
It is part of the shoulder joint, where the round head of the humerus fits into the scapula
|
|
|
What type of joint is the glenoid cavity?
|
It is a synovial, flexible joint, where the round head of the humerus fits into the scapula
|
|
|
What is the coracoacromial ligament?
|
It connects the coracoid process and the acromion
|
|
|
What does the coracoacromial ligament provide for the glenoid cavity?
|
It provides a roof superior to the glenoid cavity to prevent dislocation of the joint
|
|
|
What are bursas?
|
They act to reduce friction generated by shoulder movement.
|
|
|
How many and what are the bursa above the glenoid cavity?
|
The subdeltoid and subacromial bursa
|
|
|
What are the 6 movements of the shoulder?
|
Adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, medial (or internal rotation), and lateral (or external) rotation
|
|
|
What is abduction
|
Lowering the arm medially and toward the body
|
|
|
What is adduction?
|
Lowering the arm medially and toward the body
|
|
|
What is flexion?
|
Moving the arm anteriorly
|
|
|
What is extension?
|
Moving the arm posteriorly
|
|
|
What is medial (or internal) rotation
|
Turning the arm so the flexed forearm moves toward the anterior chest
|
|
|
What is lateral (or external) rotation
|
Turning the arm so the flexed forearm moves away from the anterior chest
|
|
|
By what percentage is the maximum amount of muscular length reduction during contraction?
|
33%
|
|
|
What does this infer about muscle origins and their lengths?
|
It infers origins rarely acount for more than two-thirds of the muscle's length so the muscle can reach its insertion when relaxed.
|
|
|
Do some muscles have origins that account for two-thirds of their length?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Why would this be the case?
|
It maximizes the strength of the attachment
|
|
|
What are 3 muscles that are examples of muscles with origins being more than 2/3 the length?
|
The subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles are good examples of this principle
|
|
|
What is a good rule of thumb for how structures and surfaces are named?
|
It is common to name structures and surfaces based on their relation to other parts of the body.
|
|
|
What is an example of this?
|
The anterior surface of the scapula is called the costal surface because it faces the ribs
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Origin : Subscapularis
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Medial two-thirds of anterior (costal) scapula
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Insertion: Subscapularis
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lesser tubercle of humerus
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Innervation : Subscapularis
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Upper and lower subscapular nerve
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Action : Subscapularis
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Medial rotation of the arm
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Origin : Supraspinatus
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Medial two-thirds of supraspinatus fossa
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Insertion : Supraspinatus
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Superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Supraspinatus
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Upper and lower subscapular nerve
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Action : Supraspinatus
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Medial rotation of the arm
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Origin: Infraspinatus
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Medial two-thirds of infraspinatus fossa
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Insertion : Infraspinatus
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Middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Infraspinatus
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Suprascapular nerve
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Action : Infraspinatus
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Lateral rotator of the arm
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Origin : Teres minor
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Upper part of the lateral border of the scapula
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Insertion : Teres minor
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Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Innervation : Teres minor
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Axillary nerve
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Action : Teres minor
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Lateral rotator of the arm
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What shape is the teres muscle in cross-section?
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Round
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Origin : Teres major
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Lower part of the lateral border of the scapula
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Insertion : Teres major
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Crest of lesser tubercle
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Innervation : Teres major
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Lower subscapular nerve
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Action: Teres major
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Adductor, medial rotator, and extensor of the arm
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The terminal course of the Teres major is the same as the course of what muscle?
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Latissimus dorsi
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Origin: Deltoid
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Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, the acromion, and scapular spine
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Insertion: Deltoid
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Deltoid tubercle
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Innervation : Deltoid
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Axillary nerve
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Action : Deltoid (Anterior fibers)
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Flexor and medial rotator of the arm
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Action : Deltoid (Middle fibers)
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Powerful abductor of the arm from 15 - 110 degrees
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Action : Deltoid (Posterior fibers)
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Extensor and lateral rotator of the arm
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Origin : Pectoralis major
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Clavicle, sternum, ribs
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Insertion : Pectoralis major
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Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
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Innervation : Pectoralis major
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Lateral and medial pectoral nerve
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Action : Pectoralis major
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Adduct and medially rotator of arm
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Action : Pectoralis major (Sternal part)
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Extends the humerus
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Action : Pectoralis major (Clavicular part)
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Flexes the humerus
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Origin : Pectoralis minor
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Ribs 3, 4, and 5
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Insertion : Pectoralis minor
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Coracoid process of the scapula
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Innervation : Pectoralis minor
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Medial pectoral nerves
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Action : Pectoralis minor
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Protracts the scapula
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