Block #1 / Exam #3: Nutrition

Front 1

Define nutrition:

Back 1

The process by which the body metabolizes and utilizes food.

Front 2

What must health card providers understand about nutrition?

Back 2

-how the body digests and absorbs nurtients
-meeting daily nutritional requirements
-causes and results of an imbalance of nutrients
-how to assess nutritional imbalances

Front 3

Metabolism:

Back 3

biochemical reactions within cells of the body

Front 4

Anabolism:

Back 4

-(building)
-lean muscle is added through diet & exercise. Amino acids form tissues, hormone, enzymes.

Front 5

Catabolism:

Back 5

-break down of biochemical substances into simpler substances
-occurs when body is is a negative nitrogen balance

Front 6

Basal metabolic rate
BMR:

Back 6

energy requirement of a person at rest

Front 7

Resting energy expenditure
REE:

Back 7

a meaurement that accounts for BMR + energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.

Front 8

Nutrients:

Back 8

elements necessary for body processes and function

Front 9

List of Nutrients:

Back 9

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-fats
-vitamins
-minerals
-water

Front 10

Carbohydrates:

Back 10

-major souce of energy
-4kcal/g

Front 11

What is the daily adult requirement of carbs?

Back 11

50 to 100 grams

Front 12

What is the primary source of carbs?

Back 12

-bread
-pasta
-fruits
-potatoes
-corn
-rice
-dried beans
-cereal
-vegetables

Front 13

Simple carbs:

Back 13

-water soluble
-glucose
-dextrose & frutose
-can't be broken down further

Front 14

Complex carbs:

Back 14

-insoluble in water
-can be broken down further
-example: starches

Front 15

Insoluble Fiber:

Back 15

-Not digestible
-includes cellulose

Front 16

Soluble Fiber:

Back 16

-digestible
-prevents some diseases
-includes pentin
-guar hum
mucilage

Front 17

Protein:

Back 17

-building blocks for tissue growth, maintenance and repair
-4kacl/g

Front 18

Amino acids:

Back 18

simplest form of protein

Front 19

What is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and acid/base balance?

Back 19

protein

Front 20

Protein helps form:

Back 20

-collagen
-hormones
-enzymes
-DNA
-RNA

Front 21

Daily requirements of protein:

Back 21

0.8-1g/hg/d

Front 22

Major source of complete proteins: (all 9 AA)

Back 22

-meat
-poultry
-fish
-milk
-eggs
-cheese
-soybeans

Front 23

Proteins whick lack 1 or more essential AA:

Back 23

-cereals
-legumes (beans, peas)
-vegetables

Front 24

Complementary proteins:

Back 24

-combine imcomplete proteins to provide all AA
-Who? Vegans

Front 25

Nitrogen Balance:

Back 25

-occurs when intake & output of nitrogen are equal

Front 26

Positive nitrogen balance:

Back 26

-intake exceeds output
-essential for growth
-maintenance of lean muscle mass & vital organs
-normal pregnancy
-wound healing

Front 27

Negative nitrogen balance:

Back 27

-occurs if the body uses more than it takes in
-infection, sepsis, burns, fever, starvation, head injury, trauma

Front 28

Where is nitrogen found?

Back 28

in protein

Front 29

Fats are composed of?

Back 29

-triglycerides
-fatty acids

Front 30

Fatty acids:

Back 30

-chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid on one and a methyl group on the other
-can be saturated or unsaturated
-can be mono or polyunsaturated

Front 31

Triglycerides:

Back 31

-circulate in the blood
-made up of three (tri) fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Front 32

What is the best source to prevent atherosclerosis?

Back 32

-monosaturated
-polyunsaturated

Front 33

Fat intake should be:

Back 33

-20% to 30% of calories consumed
-deficiency if < 10%

Front 34

Fats:

Back 34

supply the essential fatty acids needed for metabolic processes

Front 35

How many calories are in one gram of fat?

Back 35

9 calories

Front 36

Animal Fat / Saturated Fat:

Back 36

-butter
-shortening
-lard

Front 37

Vegetable fat:

Back 37

-Vegetable oil
-margarine
-nuts

Front 38

Water:

Back 38

-critical component of body
-60%-70% of body weight
-cannot live more than a few days without it

Front 39

Vitamins:

Back 39

-organic substances present in small amounts of food
-essential to normal metabolism
-used as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Front 40

Fat Soluble Vitamins:

Back 40

A, D, E, & K
Can be stored

Front 41

Water Soluble Vitamins:

Back 41

-Vitamin C & B Complex
-must be provided daily in food as can't be stored in body

Front 42

Inorganic elements:

Back 42

act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Front 43

What helps build body tissue?

Back 43

minerals

Front 44

Examples of minerals:

Back 44

-calcium
-Sodium
-Iron
-Potassium

Front 45

Regulate Body processess:

Back 45

-fluid balance
-acid-base balance
-neve cell transmission
-muscle contraction
-vitamin, enzyme and hormonal activity

Front 46

Digestion:

Back 46

mechanical breakdown of food, moves through GI tract by peristalsis

Front 47

Digestion in the stomach:

Back 47

food mixes with HCL, hormones, intrinsic factor, & enzymes to form chyme

Front 48

Where does most of the digestion take place?

Back 48

Small intestine

Front 49

Protein is stored in?

Back 49

muscle

Front 50

Reserve energy is stored?

Back 50

as fat

Front 51

Glucose is stored?

Back 51

as glycogen in liver

Front 52

Healthy Diet is made up of?

Back 52

-Fruits
-Veggies
-Whole grains
-Fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products
-lean meats
-poulty
-fish
-beans
-eggs
-nuts
-low in: saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt, and added sugars

Front 53

What are the 5 groups of the mypyramid?

Back 53

-grain
-fruit
-vegetable
-meat & bean
-milk

Front 54

What are the 6 essential concepts of the mypyramid?

Back 54

-activity
-moderation
-personalization
-proportionality
-variety
-gradual improvement

Front 55

Why was the pyramid changed to vertical?

Back 55

To promote the concept of finding a balance between food intake and physical acticity.

Front 56

Vegetarian:

Back 56

diet primarily plant food

Front 57

Ovolactovegetarian:

Back 57

eat eggs & milk

Front 58

Lactovegetarian:

Back 58

eat diary

Front 59

Vegans:

Back 59

only plant food

Front 60

Vegan & Zen Macrobiotic:

Back 60

-brown rice
-grains
-herb tea only

Front 61

Fruitarian:

Back 61

-fruits
-nuts
-honey
-olive oil only

Front 62

Islam:

Back 62

NO:
pork
alcohol
caffine
fasting during Ramadan
ritualized animal slaughter

Front 63

Hindu:

Back 63

NO:
meat
alcohol

Front 64

Judaism (orthodox):

Back 64

NO:
pork
predatory fowl
shellfish
require kosher food preparation
no milk with meat

Front 65

LDS (Mormon):

Back 65

NO:
alcohol
tabacco
caffeine

Front 66

Wellness promotion:

Back 66

encourage gradual improvements in diet if patient fors not follow recommended guidelines or requires specialized diet

Front 67

IBW:

Back 67

-ideal body weight
-estimate of what one should weigh

Front 68

BMI:

Back 68

-body mass index
-Weight (kg) divided by height

Front 69

Levels of BMI:

Back 69

->25 puts pt on higher risk of resp. disease, digestive disease & some cancers
->30 considered obese
->35 puts pts ar risk for CAD, diabetes, hypertension, some cancers

Front 70

Intake of fliud should be?

Back 70

6-8 glasses/day
1500-2000mL

Front 71

Output should be?

Back 71

fairly balanced with input

Front 72

Minimum output should be?

Back 72

1/2 ml/kg/hour

Front 73

What might cause an increase in output?

Back 73

-med's
-caffeine
-diabetes

Front 74

If someone has malnutrition, what signe may occur?

Back 74

-brittle bones
-dry hair
-nails spoon shaped or lines on them
-edema
-cracked corner on lips
-dry eyes

Front 75

Prototypes of Antiacids:

Back 75

-Mylanta
-Maalox
-Tums

Front 76

Prototype of H2 antagonists:

Back 76

Pepcis

Front 77

Proton Pump Inhibitors Prototype:

Back 77

Protonix

Front 78

What are the 6 antiemetics categories?

Back 78

-anticholinergics
-antihistamines
-neuroleptic agents
-prokinetic agents
-serotonin blockers
-tetrahydrocannibinoid

Front 79

Anticholinergics:

Back 79

(Scopolamine Transdermal)
-used for motion sickness, secretion reduction before surgery & in terminally ill

Front 80

Anticholinergics & Antihistamines SE:

Back 80

-dizziness
-drowsiness
-dry mouth
-blurred vision
-difficult urination
-constipation

Front 81

Antihistamines:

Back 81

(Antivert, Bonine)
-used for motion sickness

Front 82

How do antihistamines work?

Back 82

blocking H1 (histamine) receptors & preventing cholinergic stimulation of vestibular & ritcular systems

Front 83

Neuroleptic agents:

Back 83

-block N&V by blocking dopamine receptor on the CTZ

Front 84

Prokinetic agents:

Back 84

-block dopamine in the CTZ or stimulate ACh receptors in the GI tract & stimulates peristalsis

Front 85

Serotonin blockers:

Back 85

-block serotonin (5-HT3) receptors in the GI tract, CTZ & vomiting center

Front 86

CTZ:

Back 86

chemoreceptor zone

Front 87

Tetrahydrocannibinoid:

Back 87

inhibitory effect on reticular formation, thalmus, & cerebral cortex

Front 88

Essential or indispensible:
(Amino Acids)

Back 88

body can't synthesize but MUST have in diet

Front 89

Nonessential:
(Amino Acids)

Back 89

-synthesized by body
-can be linked together
-example: albumin and insulin

Front 90

Effects of aging on nutrition?

Back 90

Adults over 65 have a decreased need for energy as metabolic rate slows, but still require vitamins & minerals

Front 91

How might meds affect nutrition?

Back 91

some meds can not be given with certain types of food.

Front 92

What enhances tissue repair?

Back 92

protein

Front 93

What lab test would you do to see chronic malnutrition?

Back 93

-decreased serum albumin level
-decreased hemoglobin & hematocrit

Front 94

Water soluble vitamins?

Back 94

must be consumed daily

Front 95

Must nutrients & electrolytes are absorbed in the?

Back 95

small intestin