Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Digestive enzymes:
|
-speed up chemcial reactions
(Example: amylase in saliva break down starches into sugar) |
|
|
What might decrease output of fluid?
|
-shock
-dehydration |
|
|
What are the kidney's responsible for?
|
filter nitrogenous waste products from blood
|
|
|
Loop of Henle:
|
-the uncoiled portion of the tubule
-comprises descending and ascending limbs |
|
|
Proximal convoluted tubule:
|
coiled porton of the tubule
|
|
|
Bowmans capsule:
|
cuplike structure surrounding a capillary network called glomerulus
|
|
|
Distal convoluted tubule:
|
-coiled distal portion of the tubule connected to the loop of Henle
-contains mitochondria and microvillie -2 or more join together to for collecting ducts |
|
|
What is the key role in fluid & electrolyte balance?
|
the kidneys
|
|
|
What do kidneys produce?
|
hormone erythropoeitin which stimulates RBC production
|
|
|
How does the kidneys help maintain blood pressure?
|
-decrease blood supply to kidneys causes release of enzyme renin which converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
-stimulates vasoconstriction & aldosterone release -retains water, increase blood volume and BP |
|
|
Urine production should be?
|
minimum of 1/2ml /kg /hr
|
|
|
Proteinuria is a sign of:
|
renal injury
|
|
|
What can "Statin" drug do to the kidneys?
|
can cause muscle breakdown, large myoglobulins which can damage kidneys
|
|
|
Adult bladder can hold how much urine?
|
up to 600ml
|
|
|
How full does your bladder feel when you feel the urge to void?
|
150-200ml
|
|
|
What is the bladder structure?
|
-hollow
-expandable -muscle organ |
|
|
Where is the bladder located?
|
-when empty lies in pelvic cavity behind the symphysis pubis
-expands and extends above the symphysis pubis -not palpable unless distended |
|
|
What prevents escape of urine from the bladder?
|
contraction of external sphincter
|
|
|
Ureters:
|
urine enters renal pelvis from collecting ducts and travels to the bladder through ureters in peristaltic waves
|
|
|
Urethra:
|
-urine travels from bladder through urethra and passes out of bodythrough urinary meatus
-descends through pelvic floor muscles which control urine flow |
|
|
Factors affecting urination:
|
-age
-environmental -meds -psych factors -muscle tone -fliud balance -current surgical or diagnostic procedures -disease conditions -bowel elimination -indwelling cath |
|
|
Fuctions of colon:
|
-absorption
-secretion -elimination |
|
|
What is the final portion of the large intestine?
|
rectum
|
|
|
Anus:
|
expels both flatus and feces through contraction and relaxation of internal and external sphincters
|
|
|
Constipation:
|
-infrequent BM
-difficulty evacuating -need to strain -hard feces |
|
|
What factors may contribute to constipation?
|
-meds
-low fiber -fluid intake -activity |
|
|
What should you increase to have a BM?
|
-fluid
-fiber -activity |
|
|
Factors affecting bowel function?
|
-age
-diet -fliud intake -activity -weak muscle tone -emotional stress -personal habits -meds -post-op efffects |
|
|
S/SX of fecal impaction:
|
-hardened feces wedged in rectum
-no BM in several days -oozing of diarrhea -anorexia -nausea -abdominal distension -cramping -rectal pain |
|
|
Diarrhea:
|
passage of liquid and unformed feces
|
|
|
What is the potential risks with diarrhea?
|
-skin breakdown
-dehydration |
|
|
What causes diarrhea?
|
disorders of digestion, absoprtion, antibiotic use, enteral feedings, food allergies, pathogens
|
|
|
Incontinence:
|
involuntary passage of feces & gas
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of colostomies?
|
-loop
-double-barrel -end |
|
|
What laxative is safest for long term use?
|
Bulk forming
|
|
|
Bulk Forming Laxative:
|
-absorb water & increase bulk in bowel
-stretch intestinal wall to stimulate peristalsis -must mix with at least 1c water or juice & swallow quickly or may cause obsruction. follow with additonal water -can also be used to relieve mild diarrhea |
|
|
Emollient:
|
-stool softeners
-lower surface tension of feces, so more water & fat can penetrate -short term use |
|
|
Saline laxatives:
|
-used for bowel prep before diagnostic procedure or surgery
-don't use on renal pts or those on fluid restriction -Promotes peristalsis, lubricate feces (MOM, fleet phosphosoda, fleet enema, magnesium citrate) |
|
|
Stimulant cathartics:
|
-irritate intestinal mucosa to increase motility
-decrease absoprtion in small bowel & colon -may cuase severe abdominal cramping (Dulcolax, bisacodyl) |
|
|
Lubricants:
|
-coat fecal contects allowing for easier passage
-reduce water absoprtion in colon -prevent straining on defecation -may cause aspiration pneumonia -it taken with emollients or mineral oil, increases risk of fat emboli (Haley's M-O) |
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) |
-is the best overall index of kidney function
-calculated blood filtered by kidneys ml/mn |
|
|
Urinary Diversion:
|
-temporarily or permanently bypasses the bladder and urethra as the exit routes for urine
|
|
|
Urinary Retention:
|
-is an accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to empty properly
-pressure, discomfort, tenderness over the symphysis pubis, restlessness, and diaphoresis (sweating). -bladder is unable to respond to the micturition reflex and thus is unable to empty. |
|
|
Oliguria
|
-Diminished urinary output relative to intake (usually 400 mL/24 hr)
-Dehydration, renal failure, UTI, increased ADH secretion, congestive heart failure |
|
|
Urinary Incontinence:
|
-is the involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem
|
|
|
Nocturia
|
-Voiding one or more times at night
-Excessive fluid intake before bed (especially coffee or alcohol), renal disease, aging process, prostate enlargement |
|
|
Polyuria
|
-Voiding large amounts of urine
-Excess fluid intake, diabetes mellitus or insipidus, use of diuretics, postobstructive diuresis |
|
|
Dysuria
|
-Painful or difficult urination
-Bladder inflammation, trauma or inflammation of urethral sphincter |
|
|
Hematuria
|
-Blood in the urine
-Neoplasms of the kidney or bladder, glomerular disease, infection of kidney or bladder, trauma to urinary structures, calculi, bleeding disorders |
|
|
Frequency
|
-Voiding at frequent intervals (<2 hr)
-Increased fluid intake, bladder inflammation, increased pressure on bladder (pregnancy), diuretic therapy |
|
|
Urgency
|
-Feeling of need to void immediately
-Full bladder, bladder irritation or inflammation from infection, overactive bladder, psychological stress |
|
|
Hesitancy
|
-Difficulty initiating urination
-Prostate enlargement, anxiety, urethral edema |
|
|
Dribbling
|
-Leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination
-Stress incontinence, overflow from urinary retention (e.g., from BPH) |
|
|
Residual urine
|
-Volume of urine remaining after voiding (>100 mL)
-Inflammation or irritation of bladder mucosa from infection, neurogenic bladder, prostate enlargement, trauma, or inflammation of urethra |
|
|
Renal Calculus:
|
An obstruction within a ureter, such as a kidney stone
|
|
|
Anuria
|
no urine is produced
|
|
|
benign prostatic hypertrphy
(BPH) |
-prostate gland enlarges with age
-results in hesitancy, retention, slow stream start, & UTI's |
|
|
How often should a pt void if on a bladder training program?
|
day- q 2
night q 4 |
|
|
24 hour urine specimen:
|
-Time and discard first void
-collect all urine for next 24 hours -Keep on ice in bathroom |
